postgres - where in (list) - column does not exist

Use single quotes for string constants:

DELETE FROM user_job_titles
    WHERE id IN ('c836d018-1d12-4507-a268-a4d80d6d3f54',
                 'd0961a90-7d31-4c4c-9c1b-671115e3d833',
                 '62dda420-6e62-4017-b41d-205c0aa82ead'
                );

Double quotes are an escape character used with table and column names. Hence the error.

You need to quote string literals with '

DELETE FROM user_job_titles 
WHERE id IN (
'c836d018-1d12-4507-a268-a4d80d6d3f54',
'd0961a90-7d31-4c4c-9c1b-671115e3d833',
'62dda420-6e62-4017-b41d-205c0aa82ead'
);

I'm coming from SQL Server and I was suprised to see that the following query does not work

Then you have SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER AS OFF. By default it is ON.

When SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER is ON, all strings delimited by double quotation marks are interpreted as object identifiers.

Check:

SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER OFF;
SELECT "A"


-- The same behaviour as in Postgresql
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON;
SELECT "A"
-- Invalid column name 'A'.

LiveDemo