How do I teleport between my base and the closest I have traveled to the center of the universe

Solution 1:

Besides using the Teleporter located in your local Space Station, you could also make it a point (while you can) to "Rename and Upload" solar systems/planets that you discover, and use a naming convention or just wild jibber-jabber so that you know it's yours. If you have a full fledged base on one of these planets, it will also show the little Dome icon to indicate that you have a base there, presumably with a Teleporter hooked up to a power source.

Also, when creating a base, you are able to name your base. This helps even further when teleporting to one of your bases because regardless of what planet/solar system it is in, you will always control what it is named. So as for noting which ones are closer to the center, you can just call it Base1 (furthest away), Base2 (closer), Base3 (I think you get my point).

I hope this helps you out Traveler!