The 'this' keyword behaves differently in Nodejs and browser

Solution 1:

In the browser, running in the global scope, this is always window in your example

var obj1;
var obj2;

function x() {
    obj1 = this; // window
}

function y() {
    obj2 = this; // window
}

x();
y();

console.log(obj1 === obj2);  // window === window = true
console.log(obj1 === this);  // window === window = true

This is not how it works in Node. In Node.js all modules (script files) are executed in their own closure while browsers execute all script files directly within the global scope.

In other words, in just about any file running in Node, this will just be an empty object, as Node wraps the code in an anonymous function that is called immediately, and you'd access the global scope within that context with GLOBAL instead.

This is also mentioned in the Globals documentation:

Some of these objects aren't actually in the global scope but in the module scope - this will be noted.

However, when calling a function without a specific context in Node.js, it will normally be defaulted to the global object - The same GLOBAL mentioned earlier, as it's execution context.

So outside the functions, this is an empty object, as the code is wrapped in a function by Node, to create it's own execution context for every module (script file), while inside the functions, because they are called with no specified execution context, this is the Node GLOBAL object

In Node.js you'd get

var obj1;
var obj2;

function x() {
    obj1 = this; // GLOBAL
}

function y() {
    obj2 = this; // GLOBAL
}

x();
y();

console.log(obj1 === obj2);  // GLOBAL === GLOBAL = true
console.log(obj1 === this);  // GLOBAL === {} = false

Where the last this is indeed an empty object, as explained above

For completeness, it's worth noting that in strict mode, you'd get the same result in a browser (true, false) as in Node, but that's because the variables are just the opposite of what they are in Node

"use strict"

var obj1;
var obj2;

function x() {
    obj1 = this; // undefined
}

function y() {
    obj2 = this; // undefined
}

x();
y();

console.log(obj1 === obj2);  // undefined === undefined = true
console.log(obj1 === this);  // undefined === window = false

This is because the value passed as this to a function in strict mode is not forced into being an object (a.k.a. "boxed").
For a normal function in non-strict mode, this is always an object, and it's always the global object if called with an undefined or null this-value, i.e. without a specific execution context.

Not only is automatic boxing a performance cost, but exposing the global object in browsers is a security hazard, because the global object provides access to functionality that "secure" JavaScript environments must restrict.

Thus for a strict mode function, the specified this is not boxed into an object, and if unspecified, this will be undefined inside functions, as shown above, but this will still be the window in the global scope.

The same thing happens in strict-mode in Node.js, where this inside the functions is no longer GLOBAL but undefined, and this outside the functions will still be the same empty object, and the end result will still be true, false, but the value of this will be different in strict-mode in Node.js as well.

Solution 2:

Node explicitly sets this to the module exports here:

const result = compiledWrapper.apply(this.exports, args);

What apply does is explicitly fixate the this value (and parameters) - in this case - it sets it to this.exports. For example you can do:

(function() { console.log(this.x); }).apply({x:3}); // alerts 3

Node override's the default behavior. It has to, however, call functions inside the object with global - as is mandated by the JS spec.

Solution 3:

The difference is pretty simple

In the node environment :

this refers to module.exports or exports for short. but inside a function this is refering to the entire Node.js package.

you can see it if you log to the console the following :

function test(){
    console.log('this inside a function = ',this);
}

console.log('this outside a function = ',this);
test();

Whereas in the browser environment this inside a function or outside a function is referring to the window object unless you are using the new keyword which is another story.

Execute the previous example in both Node.js and browser environments and you will understand.

Solution 4:

Created a table to show the this value under different scopes and modes:

Note: In Node environment, the value of this outside the function means that this value is outside of a function declaration but within the anonymous function wrapper created by node.js for achieving the module scope.