I used "dd" to clone a drive to a larger drive. How can I leverage the additional space (linux)?

Instead of creating new partitions, look at resizing your existing partitions. For this, I use GParted.

http://gparted.sourceforge.net/

Specifically, I use the GParted Live CD which you can just boot into from CDROM.

http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php

With it, you can resize your partitions and most file systems (excepting some LVM and/or MD sets.)

Once done, you can reboot back to your hard disk and you're good to go.

I've used this both in physical and virtual environments. In a VM environment, it's great for keeping around small template VM's that can be "sized-up" for larger applications.

Your problem is that you have used all four primary partitions, and your extended partition ends at 145211534. What you need to do is increase the size of your extended partition. Which will permit you to add additional logical partitions within your extended partition.

Though if that was my system I would have setup LVM instead of copying a bazillion partitions. An LVM setup would give you far more flexibility to allocate additional space instead messing around with the MBR partition table.