How to copy a 2D array into a 3rd dimension, N times?

I'd like to copy a numpy 2D array into a third dimension. For example, given the 2D numpy array:

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])
# arr.shape = (2, 2)

convert it into a 3D matrix with N such copies in a new dimension. Acting on arr with N=3, the output should be:

new_arr = np.array([[[1, 2], [1,2]], 
                    [[1, 2], [1, 2]], 
                    [[1, 2], [1, 2]]])
# new_arr.shape = (3, 2, 2)

Probably the cleanest way is to use np.repeat:

a = np.array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])
print(a.shape)
# (2,  2)

# indexing with np.newaxis inserts a new 3rd dimension, which we then repeat the
# array along, (you can achieve the same effect by indexing with None, see below)
b = np.repeat(a[:, :, np.newaxis], 3, axis=2)

print(b.shape)
# (2, 2, 3)

print(b[:, :, 0])
# [[1 2]
#  [1 2]]

print(b[:, :, 1])
# [[1 2]
#  [1 2]]

print(b[:, :, 2])
# [[1 2]
#  [1 2]]

Having said that, you can often avoid repeating your arrays altogether by using broadcasting. For example, let's say I wanted to add a (3,) vector:

c = np.array([1, 2, 3])

to a. I could copy the contents of a 3 times in the third dimension, then copy the contents of c twice in both the first and second dimensions, so that both of my arrays were (2, 2, 3), then compute their sum. However, it's much simpler and quicker to do this:

d = a[..., None] + c[None, None, :]

Here, a[..., None] has shape (2, 2, 1) and c[None, None, :] has shape (1, 1, 3)*. When I compute the sum, the result gets 'broadcast' out along the dimensions of size 1, giving me a result of shape (2, 2, 3):

print(d.shape)
# (2,  2, 3)

print(d[..., 0])    # a + c[0]
# [[2 3]
#  [2 3]]

print(d[..., 1])    # a + c[1]
# [[3 4]
#  [3 4]]

print(d[..., 2])    # a + c[2]
# [[4 5]
#  [4 5]]

Broadcasting is a very powerful technique because it avoids the additional overhead involved in creating repeated copies of your input arrays in memory.

* Although I included them for clarity, the None indices into c aren't actually necessary - you could also do a[..., None] + c, i.e. broadcast a (2, 2, 1) array against a (3,) array. This is because if one of the arrays has fewer dimensions than the other then only the trailing dimensions of the two arrays need to be compatible. To give a more complicated example:

a = np.ones((6, 1, 4, 3, 1))  # 6 x 1 x 4 x 3 x 1
b = np.ones((5, 1, 3, 2))     #     5 x 1 x 3 x 2
result = a + b                # 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2

Another way is to use numpy.dstack. Supposing that you want to repeat the matrix a num_repeats times:

import numpy as np
b = np.dstack([a]*num_repeats)

The trick is to wrap the matrix a into a list of a single element, then using the * operator to duplicate the elements in this list num_repeats times.

For example, if:

a = np.array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])
num_repeats = 5

This repeats the array of [1 2; 1 2] 5 times in the third dimension. To verify (in IPython):

In [110]: import numpy as np

In [111]: num_repeats = 5

In [112]: a = np.array([[1, 2], [1, 2]])

In [113]: b = np.dstack([a]*num_repeats)

In [114]: b[:,:,0]
Out[114]: 
array([[1, 2],
       [1, 2]])

In [115]: b[:,:,1]
Out[115]: 
array([[1, 2],
       [1, 2]])

In [116]: b[:,:,2]
Out[116]: 
array([[1, 2],
       [1, 2]])

In [117]: b[:,:,3]
Out[117]: 
array([[1, 2],
       [1, 2]])

In [118]: b[:,:,4]
Out[118]: 
array([[1, 2],
       [1, 2]])

In [119]: b.shape
Out[119]: (2, 2, 5)

At the end we can see that the shape of the matrix is 2 x 2, with 5 slices in the third dimension.