Do "visited" dialogue options in Mass Effect: Andromeda ever change?

Probably not.

Based on my 100 or so hours in the game, where I selected many dialogue options two and on occasion three times, sometimes on purpose but mostly by accident, I don't recall ever getting a different conversation.

I also don't recall ever seeing a previously grayed out option turn back to white, however they will sometimes be replaced with a new option in the same location.

While maybe not a full answer, there are a few times that you can ask Kallo the same dialog option about the crew. He will go through every crew member, and if memory serves, the dialog option stays white. Once Kallo is out of crew members to gossip about, he will say something along the lines of "if I say any more, I might get in trouble!"