What is the difference between dynamic and Object in dart?

They both seem like they can be used in identical cases. Is there a different representation or different subtleties in type checking, etc?

Another perspective on dynamic is that it's not really a type - it's a way to turn off type checking and tell the static type system "trust me, I know what I'm doing". Writing dynamic o; declares a variable that isn't typed - it's instead marked as "not type-checked".

When you write Object o = something; you are telling the system that it can't assume anything about o except that it's an Object. You can call toString and hashCode because those methods are defined on Object, but if you try to do o.foo() you will get a warning - it can't see that you can do that, and so it warns you that your code is probably wrong.

If you write dynamic o = something you are telling the system to not assume anything, and to not check anything. If you write o.foo() then it will not warn you. You've told it that "anything related to o is OK! Trust me, I know what I'm doing", and so it thinks o.foo() is OK.

With great power comes great responsibility - if you disable type-checking for a variable, it falls back on you to make sure you don't do anything wrong.

The section Type dynamic from the Dart Programming Language Specification, 3rd Edition states :

Type dynamic has methods for every possible identifier and arity, with every possible combination of named parameters. These methods all have dynamic as their return type, and their formal parameters all have type dynamic. Type dynamic has properties for every possible identifier. These properties all have type dynamic.

That means you will not get warnings by calling any method on a dynamic typed variable. That will not be the case with a variable typed as Object. For instance:

dynamic a;
Object b;

main() {
  a = "";
  b = "";
  printLengths();
}

printLengths() {
  // no warning
  print(a.length);

  // warning:
  // The getter 'length' is not defined for the class 'Object'
  print(b.length);
}

At runtime, I think, you shouldn't see any difference.

To add to Alexandre's answer on the practical difference, there is also a semantic difference between the two, and using the right one will help to better communicate your intent to other programmers.

When you use Object you are saying that you know the type that you are working with and it is Object. For instance:

int getHashCode(Object obj) {
  return obj.hashCode;
}

Since hashCode is a property on Object we use Object as the parameter type to specify that the function can accept anything of type Object.

On the other hand, using dynamic means that the Dart system cannot properly express the type that you want to use:

void setEmail(dynamic email) {
  if (email is Email) {
    _email = email;
  } else if (email is String) {
    _email = new Email.fromString(email);
  }
}

Since Dart doesn't currently support union types there is no way to express the type Email | String so we are forced to use dynamic to accept all types and then only handle the cases where the type is one we are interested in.

dynamic is not a type, it just disables type checking. Object is the 'union' of all non-nullable types, type checking rules still apply.

Compare these two cases:

Case 1 (dynamic)

// a 'dynamic' variable can be assigned value of any type
dynamic a = 2;

// assign 'dynamic' value to any variable and code checker will not complain
int b = a;
// even when there is a bug
String c = a;

Case 2 (Object)

// It is OK to assign a 'int' value to an 'Object' variable, because 'int' is a subtype of 'Object'
Object a = 2;

// will get type error: "A value of type 'Object' can't be assigned to a variable of type 'int'"
int b = a;

// typecast is required when assign a 'Object' value to a variale of one of its subtypes.
int c = a as int;