How to interpret the output of ipconfig/all?

First, you can have more than one adapter. You have three in your example. You have a typical LAN network card, a mobile network card, and the PPP adapter, which usually means you are connected to a VPN.

As far as the physical addresses go, they are hard-coded into a hardware device, and are used for layer 2 of the OSI model. This identifier is really how a switch/hub determines who network traffic is for. Some devices have ways of over-riding this. They are supposed to be unique on a network, and the first three pairs of numbers/letters are assigned to a manufacturer, and the last three are kind of like their serial number so they can keep them unique.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model

As you add more adapters, which are connected to a real location, your routing table is built (do a route print command to see it). It dynamically updates this to determine the best route for traffic to take to get to a certain location. So if you have a LAN connection and a Wireless connection both going to the Internet, the LAN connection being faster, will be given priority. In the case of the VPN, it knows that you are trying to get to your work's network, so it will route the appropriate traffic there. It builds these route tables based on the default gateways that are entered manually, or received through DHCP.

Now back to the basics: IP address is pretty basic, but the subnet mask determines how much of your IP address is to be used as network and hosts. In other words, and this is a very complicated subject unless you have studied it, but as an example, if you had a 192.168.1.1 IP address with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, it means that 192.168.1.X is the "name" of the network, and it can have 254 hosts (1-254, with 255 being for broadcasts). The Default Gateway is how you to other networks for a given connection.

DNS provides resolution for an IP address to a Fully Qualified Domain Name, like if you ping www.microsoft.com, it will translate it to 207.46.19.254.

WINS is a type of name resolution, which is going away more and more, but it was used in corporate networks for NetBIOS resolution (basically, your computer's name as you entered it when you installed it). Before we used DNS for resolution internally, this is how computers found each other, like how you found the server.

There is so much more I could say, but I am trying to keep this a shade under "War and Peace", but that should give you a start at really understanding this. And to anyone who knows a lot, please realize that certain concepts may have exceptions, which I did not bother to go into more detail about, so please don't ding me.