Json.Net Serialization of Type with Polymorphic Child Object

Having the subtype information in the container class is problematic for two reasons:

1. The container class instance is not accessible when Json.NET is reading the contained class.
2. If you later need to convert the SubTypeClassBase property into, say, a list, there will be nowhere to put the subtype information.

Instead, I would recommend adding the subtype information as a property in the base class:

[JsonConverter(typeof(SubTypeClassConverter))]
public class SubTypeClassBase
{
    [JsonConverter(typeof(StringEnumConverter))] // Serialize enums by name rather than numerical value
    public SubType Type { get { return typeToSubType[GetType()]; } }
}

Now the custom subtype enum will be serialized whenever an object assignable to SubTypeClassBase is serialized. Having done that, for deserialization you can create a JsonConverter that loads the json for a given SubTypeClassBase into a temporary JObject, checks the value of the "Type" property, and deserializes the JSON object as the appropriate class.

Prototype implementation below:

public enum SubType
{
    BaseType,
    Type1,
    Type2,
}

[JsonConverter(typeof(SubTypeClassConverter))]
public class SubTypeClassBase
{
    static readonly Dictionary<Type, SubType> typeToSubType;
    static readonly Dictionary<SubType, Type> subTypeToType;

    static SubTypeClassBase()
    {
        typeToSubType = new Dictionary<Type,SubType>()
        {
            { typeof(SubTypeClassBase), SubType.BaseType },
            { typeof(SubTypeClass1), SubType.Type1 },
            { typeof(SubTypeClass2), SubType.Type2 },
        };
        subTypeToType = typeToSubType.ToDictionary(pair => pair.Value, pair => pair.Key);
    }

    public static Type GetType(SubType subType)
    {
        return subTypeToType[subType];
    }

    [JsonConverter(typeof(StringEnumConverter))] // Serialize enums by name rather than numerical value
    public SubType Type { get { return typeToSubType[GetType()]; } }
}

public class SubTypeClass1 : SubTypeClassBase
{
    public string AaaField { get; set; }
}

public class SubTypeClass2 : SubTypeClassBase
{
    public string ZzzField { get; set; }
}

public class SubTypeClassConverter : JsonConverter
{
    public override bool CanConvert(Type objectType)
    {
        return objectType == typeof(SubTypeClassBase);
    }

    public override bool CanWrite { get { return false; } }

    public override object ReadJson(JsonReader reader, Type objectType, object existingValue, JsonSerializer serializer)
    {
        var token = JToken.Load(reader);
        var typeToken = token["Type"];
        if (typeToken == null)
            throw new InvalidOperationException("invalid object");
        var actualType = SubTypeClassBase.GetType(typeToken.ToObject<SubType>(serializer));
        if (existingValue == null || existingValue.GetType() != actualType)
        {
            var contract = serializer.ContractResolver.ResolveContract(actualType);
            existingValue = contract.DefaultCreator();
        }
        using (var subReader = token.CreateReader())
        {
            // Using "populate" avoids infinite recursion.
            serializer.Populate(subReader, existingValue);
        }
        return existingValue;
    }

    public override void WriteJson(JsonWriter writer, object value, JsonSerializer serializer)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }
}

You can try with JsonSubtypes converter implementation that support registering type mapping with enum values.

In your case it looks like this:

        public class MainClass
        {
            public SubTypeClassBase SubTypeData { get; set; }
        }

        [JsonConverter(typeof(JsonSubtypes), "SubTypeType")]
        [JsonSubtypes.KnownSubType(typeof(SubTypeClass1), SubType.WithAaaField)]
        [JsonSubtypes.KnownSubType(typeof(SubTypeClass2), SubType.WithZzzField)]
        public class SubTypeClassBase
        {
            public SubType SubTypeType { get; set; }
        }

        public class SubTypeClass1 : SubTypeClassBase
        {
            public string AaaField { get; set; }
        }

        public class SubTypeClass2 : SubTypeClassBase
        {
            public string ZzzField { get; set; }
        }

        public enum SubType
        {
            WithAaaField,
            WithZzzField
        }

        [TestMethod]
        public void Deserialize()
        {
            var obj = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<MainClass>("{\"SubTypeData\":{\"ZzzField\":\"zzz\",\"SubTypeType\":1}}");
            Assert.AreEqual("zzz", (obj.SubTypeData as SubTypeClass2)?.ZzzField);
        }