I now have 10 Atlas stones but no way to locate another atlas station
As it stands you are no longer able to do the Atlas quest as leaving the final station makes it stop existing, meaning that you cannot complete it.
This has been an issue since launch and it appear that it has not been addressed in any of the patch notes on the official website for the game.
The issue was documented by a few different people such as Escapist writer Shamus Young and Forbes writer Paul Tassi. The articles are pretty negative but talk about having the same problem that you are having under the same circumstances.