Bang Notation and Dot Notation in VBA and MS-Access

Solution 1:

Despite the (formerly) accepted answer to this question, the bang is not in fact a member or collection access operator. It does one simple and specific thing: The bang operator provides late-bound access to the default member of an object, by passing the literal name following the bang operator as a string argument to that default member.

That's it. The object doesn't have to be a collection. It doesn't have to have a method or property called Item. All it needs is a Property Get or Function which can accept a string as the first argument.

For much more detail and proof, see my blog post discussing this: The Bang! (Exclamation Operator) in VBA

Solution 2:

The bang operator (!) is shorthand for accessing members of a Collection or other enumerable object, such as the Fields property of an ADODB.Recordset.

For example, you can create a Collection and add a few keyed items to it:

Dim coll As Collection
Set coll = New Collection

coll.Add "First Item", "Item1"
coll.Add "Second Item", "Item2"
coll.Add "Third  Item", "Item3"

You can access an item in this collection by its key in three ways:

1. coll.Item("Item2")
   This is the most explicit form.

2. coll("Item2")
   This works because Item is the default method of the Collection class, so you can omit it.

3. coll!Item2
   This is short-hand for both of the above forms. At run-time, VB6 takes the text after the bang and passes it as a parameter to the Item method.

People seem to make this more complicated than it should be, which is why it's hard to find a straightforward explanation. Usually the complications or "reasons not to use the bang operator" stem from a misunderstanding of how simple it actually is. When someone has a problem with the bang operator, they tend to blame it instead of the real cause of the problem they are having, which is often more subtle.

For example, some people recommend not using the bang operator to access controls on a form. Thus, Me.txtPhone is preferred over Me!txtPhone. The "reason" this is seen as bad is that Me.txtPhone will be checked at compile-time for correctness, but Me!txtPhone won't.

In the first case, if you mistype the code as Me.txtFone and there is no control with that name, your code won't compile. In the second case, if you wrote Me!txtFone, you won't get a compile error. Instead, your code will blow up with a run-time error if it reaches the line of code that used Me!txtFone.

The problem with the argument against the bang operator is that this problem has nothing to do with the bang operator itself. It's behaving exactly the way it's supposed to.

When you add a control to a form, VB automatically adds a property to your form with the same name as the control you added. This property is part of the form's class, so the compiler can check for typos at compile-time if you access controls using the dot (".") operator (and you can access them using the dot operator precisely because VB created a named control property for you).

Since Me!ControlName is actually short-hand for Me.Controls("ControlName")¹, it should not be suprising that you don't get any compile-time checks against mistyping the control name.

Put another way, if the bang operator is "bad" and the dot operator is "good", then you might think

Me.Controls("ControlName")

is better than

Me!ControlName

because the first version uses a dot, but in this case, the dot isn't any better at all, since you are still accessing the control name via a parameter. It's only "better" when there is an alternative way to write the code such that you will get compile-time checking. This happens to be the case with controls due to VB creating properties for each control for you, and this is why Me.ControlName is sometimes recommended over Me!ControlName.

1. I had originally stated that the Controls property was the default property of the Form class, but David pointed out in the comments that Controls isn't the default property of Form. The actual default property returns a collection that includes the contents of Me.Controls, which is why the bang short-hand still works.

Solution 3:

Couple gotchas to serve as addenda to the two exceptional answers already posted:

Accessing recordset fields in forms vs. reports
The default item of Form objects in Access is a union of the form's Controls collection and the form recordset's Fields collection. If the name of a control conflicts with the name of a field, I'm not sure which object is actually returned. Since the default property of both a field and a control is their .Value, it's often a "distinction without a difference." In other words, one normally doesn't care which it is because the values of the field and control are often the same.

Beware of naming conflicts!
This situation is exacerbated by Access's Form and Report designer defaulting to naming bound controls the same as the recordset field to which they are bound. I've personally adopted the convention of renaming controls with their control type prefix (e.g., tbLastName for the text box bound to the LastName field).

Report recordset fields aren't there!
I said earlier the Form object's default item is a collection of Controls and Fields. However, the Report object's default item is only its collection of Controls. So if one wants to refer to a recordset field using the bang operator, one needs to include that field as the source for a (hidden, if desired) bound control.

Beware conflicts with explicit form/report properties
When one adds controls to a form or report, Access automatically creates properties that refer to these controls. For example, a control named tbLastName would be available from a form's code module by referring to Me.tbLastName. However, Access will not create such a property if it conflicts with an existing form or report property. For example, assume one adds a control named Pages. Referring to Me.Pages in the form's code module will return the form's Pages property, not the control named "Pages".

In this example, one could access the "Pages" control explicitly using Me.Controls("Pages") or implicitly using the bang operator, Me!Pages. Be aware, though, that using the bang operator means that Access might instead return a field named "Pages" if one exists in the form's recordset.

What about .Value?
Though not explicitly mentioned in the question, this topic came up in the above comments. The default property for Field objects and most "data-bindable"¹ Control objects is .Value. Since this is the default property, VBA will implicitly return the .Value property's value when it does not make sense to return the object itself. Thus, it's common practice to do this...

Dim EmployeeLastName As String
EmployeeLastName = Me.tbLastName

...instead of this...

EmployeeLastName = Me.tbLastName.Value

The above two statements produce identical results because EmployeeLastName is a string.

Beware the subtle .Value bug when keying dictionaries
There are some cases where this convention can cause subtle bugs. The most notable--and, if memory serves, only--one I've actually run into in practice is when using the value of a Field/Control as a Dictionary key.

Set EmployeePhoneNums = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")
Me.tbLastName.Value = "Jones"
EmployeePhoneNums.Add Key:=Me.tbLastName, Item:="555-1234"
Me.tbLastName.Value = "Smith"
EmployeePhoneNums.Add Key:=Me.tbLastName, Item:="555-6789"

One would likely expect that the above code creates two entries in the EmployeePhoneNums dictionary. Instead, it throws an error on the last line because we are trying to add a duplicate key. That is, the tbLastName Control object itself is the key, not the value of the control. In this context, the control's value does not even matter.

In fact, I expect that the object's memory address (ObjPtr(Me.tbLastName)) is likely what's being used behind the scenes to index the dictionary. I did a quick test that seems to bear this out.

'Standard module:
Public testDict As New Scripting.Dictionary
Sub QuickTest()
    Dim key As Variant
    For Each key In testDict.Keys
        Debug.Print ObjPtr(key), testDict.Item(key)
    Next key
End Sub

'Form module:
Private Sub Form_Current()
    testDict(Me.tbLastName) = Me.tbLastName.Value
    Debug.Print ObjPtr(Me.tbLastName); "..."; Me.tbLastName
End Sub

When running the above code, exactly one dictionary item is added each time the form is closed and re-opened. Moving from record to record (and thus causing multiple calls to the Form_Current routine) does not add new dictionary items, because it is the Control object itself indexing the dictionary, and not the Control's value.

My personal recommendations/coding conventions
Over the years, I've adopted the following practices, YMMV:

• Prefix Form/Report control names with control type indicators (e.g., tbTextBox, lblLabel, etc.)
• Refer to Form/Report controls in code using Me. notation (e.g., Me.tbLastName)
• Avoid creating table/query fields with problematic names in the first place
• Use Me! notation when there are conflicts, such as with legacy applications (e.g., Me!Pages)
• Include hidden report controls to gain access to report Recordset field values
• Explicitly include .Value only when the situation warrants the added verbosity (e.g., Dictionary keys)

¹ What's a "data-bindable" control?
Basically, a control with a ControlSource property, such as a TextBox or ComboBox. A non-bindable control would be something like a Label or CommandButton. The default property of both a TextBox and ComboBox is .Value; Labels and CommandButtons have no default property.