Anything does not go
In the context of this paragraph (which I will ignore),
- Anything does not 'go'.
has a very specific meaning, but it owes as much to culture as to grammar.
First, the grammar.
Anything is a Negative Polarity Item (NPI),
which means it can only occur in the scope of a negative word, like not.
However, this anything is the subject, and therefore isn't in the scope of this not.
That makes it ungrammatical.
Next, the culture. There is a famous Cole Porter musical, and a famous eponymous song, called "Anything Goes". The musical (and the lyrics of the song) celebrate an expression that was common in the "Roaring Twenties" in the US.
What anything goes means is that there are no prohibitions to worry about; do what you like.
This sentence is a specific negation of that idiomatic phrase, produced by simple negation.
Note also the 'scare quotes' around go; this is a specific reference to Porter's title.
And the any in anything goes turns out to be a different kind of any, the so-called "free-choice any", which can be a subject and doesn't need a negative. It does need a modal, however; i.e, Anybody can do it, but not *Anybody did it.
So the author intended to say: 'There are limits, and not all behavior is allowed'. It's the allowed part of the idiom's meaning that provides the modal sense that's necessary for a Possible-polarity any subject to be grammatical.
The quotation in your question is worded very poorly. Moreover, it needs to be supplemented with more context. My paraphrase of the quotation:
Most people (all but the most corrupt) want to find the truth about the structures, behaviours and contexts of the phenomena they study within their specialisms. Moreover, in their search for truth they are prepared to encounter revolutionary paradigms which potentially could turn their assumptions upside down.
On the other hand, corrupt people in their search for truth think "anything goes"; that is, they are entitled to do their own thing, ignoring the impartial views of other experts. Clearly, the "anything goes" search for knowledge is defective.
In the quest for real--or true--knowledge, the willingness to be proved wrong by one's peers is an important curb of the driving force in the search for truth.
I hope my paraphrase sheds some light on the unclear "anything does not 'go'" locution. The writer of the original quotation may have omitted some important, clarifying information, unless of course the information was contained in previous paragraphs which were not included in your particular excerpt.