Is there a way to make villagers aggressive against the player in vanilla Minecraft?

As of 1.9, if a mob is the passenger of another mob, it will take over pathfinding. For example, the following summons a creeper riding a villager, in which the creeper will cause the villager to pathfind towards the player as its target:

/summon Villager ~ ~1 ~ {Passengers:[{id:"Creeper"}]}

If the creeper itself is capable of attacking, it will attempt to when within range. This only affects pathfinding and the villager itself will not do any attacking.

Another example, using an invisible creeper:

/summon Villager ~ ~1 ~ {Passengers:[{id:"Creeper",ActiveEffects:[{Id:14b,Duration:2147483647,ShowParticles:0b}]}]}

If you mean cause them to become hostile, and attack the player, no, that's not possible. Villagers are passive mobs, and will flee if attacked.

As an aside, you also get Iron Golems in villages, and they will become aggressive if you attack them, or a villager, or if you have very low popularity.

For completeness, there are various mods (Hostile Villagers, Defensive Villagers) which do what you're asking, but this obviously does not help in Vanilla.