Can I select the nearest quest to my location in my Pip-Boy?
Solution 1:
There's no way to do precisely what you want, but the the V.A.N.S. Perk is the next best alternative. Activate all the quests, and V.A.N.S. will point you towards the closest one.
Solution 2:
As of the current patch, there is no way to sort or select quests by any location based criteria.