Why won't an fsck-declared-good volume mount?
I had same problem... fix/work-around was in Terminal do something like:
mkdir /tmp/3
sudo /sbin/mount_hfs /dev/disk3s3 /tmp/3
df -h /tmp/3
Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity iused ifree %iused
/dev/disk3s3 464Gi 249Gi 215Gi 54% 3279960 4291687319 0% /private/tmp/3
BTW, if you have extra ram, you can do faster checks of volumes, esp Time Machine disk, with a command like:
sudo fsck_hfs -f -c 6200m /dev/disk3s3
** /dev/rdisk3s3
Executing fsck_hfs (version hfs-366.70.1).
** Checking Journaled HFS Plus volume.
The volume name is SeaTMimac1012.noindex
** Checking extents overflow file.
** Checking catalog file.
** Checking multi-linked files.
** Checking catalog hierarchy.
** Checking extended attributes file.
** Checking multi-linked directories.
** Checking volume bitmap.
** Checking volume information.
** The volume SeaTMimac1012.noindex appears to be OK.
Tho it was ok, none of these would mount it: DiskUtility (horrible one in 10.12), diskutil mount, etc.