CSRF protection with CORS Origin header vs. CSRF token

This question is about protecting against Cross Site Request Forgery attacks only.

It is specifically about: Is protection via the Origin header (CORS) as good as the protection via a CSRF token?

Example:

• Alice is logged in (using a cookie) with her browser to "https://example.com". I assume, that she uses a modern browser.
• Alice visits "https://evil.com", and evil.com's client side code performs some kind of request to "https://example.com" (classic CSRF scenario).

So:

• If we don't check the Origin header (server-side), and no CSRF token, we have a CSRF security hole.
• If we check a CSRF token, we're safe (but it's a bit tedious).
• If we do check the Origin header, the request from evil.com's client side code should be blocked just as well as it would when using a CSRF token - except, if it is possible somehow for evil.com's code to set the Origin header.

I know, that this should not be possible with XHR (see e.g. Security for cross-origin resource sharing), at least not, if we trust the W3C spec to be implemented correctly in all modern browsers (can we?)

But what about other kinds of requests - e.g. form submit? Loading a script/img/... tag? Or any other way a page can use to (legally) create a request? Or maybe some known JS hack?

Note: I am not talking about

• native applications,
• manipulated browsers,
• cross site scripting bugs in example.com's page,
• ...

know, that this should not be possible with XHR (see e.g. Security for cross-origin resource sharing), at least not, if we trust the W3C spec to be implemented correctly in all modern browsers (can we?)

At the end of the day you have to "trust" the client browser to safely store user's data and protect the client-side of the session. If you don't trust the client browser, then you should stop using the web at all for anything other than static content. Even with using CSRF tokens, you are trusting the client browser to correctly obey the Same Origin Policy.

While there have been previous browser vulnerabilities such as those in IE 5.5/6.0 where it has been possible for attackers to bypass the Same Origin Policy and execute attacks, you can typically expect these to be patched as soon as discovered and with most browsers automatically updating, this risk will be mostly mitigated.

But what about other kinds of requests - e.g. form submit? Loading a script/img/... tag? Or any other way a page can use to (legally) create a request? Or maybe some known JS hack?

The Origin header is normally only sent for XHR cross-domain requests. Image requests do not contain the header.

Note: I am not talking about

• native applications,

• manipulated browsers,

• cross site scripting bugs in example.com's page,

I'm not sure whether this falls under manipulated browsers or not, but old versions of Flash allowed arbitrary headers to be set which would enable an attacker to send a request with a spoofed referer header from the victim's machine in order to execute an attack.

Web content can't tamper with the Origin header. Furthermore, under the same origin policy, one origin can't even send custom headers to other origins. [1]

Thus, checking the Origin header is just as good at blocking attacks as using a CSRF token.

The main concern with relying on this is whether it it lets all legitimate requests work. The asker knows about this issue, and has set up the question to rule out the major cases (no old browsers, HTTPS only).

Browser vendors follow these rules, but what about plugins? They might not, but the question disregards "manipulated browsers." What about bugs in the browser that let an attacker forge the Origin header? There can be bugs that allow the CSRF token to leak across origins too, so it would take more work to argue that one is better than the other.