What is the best file system (used by an Amazon EBS volume) for a lucene index?

Here is a comparison of Various Linux filesystems (ext4,btrfs,nilfs2,xfs).

Phoronix Comparison of FileSystems

Since you require fast reads on the Index

NILFS2 has better random read performance

EXT3 has better multi threaded read performance

EXT4 has better overall performance.

I would say , you should choose between these three.

ps: Surprisingly BTRFS beats XFS in SQL CRUD performance.