Is quantum logic producing interesting/different mathematics?
There is an approach to quantum logic where you get topoi with quantum logic. An elementary topos is sometimes regarded as a "place" where you can do mathematics, but where classical logic doesn't necessarily apply. Thus you get a different sort of mathematics.
I know very little about these quantum topoi, so I cannot detail in what way their mathematics differ from the classical one. But I think the two articles referenced in the below PlanetMath articles may (or may not - I haven't read them) answer your question.
http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/QuantumLogicsTopoi2.html
http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/QuantumStateSpace.html