How to disable Google Chrome from sending data to safebrowsing-cache.google.com and safebrowsing.clients.google.com?

You could edit your hosts file, which will block the traffic. Maybe there is a less brute force way, but I'm sure this will work.

Add the following to your hosts file in Linux and Windows:

127.0.0.1 safebrowsing.clients.google.com
127.0.0.1 safebrowsing-cache.google.com

Add the following to your hosts file in OSX:

0.0.0.0 safebrowsing.clients.google.com
0.0.0.0 safebrowsing-cache.google.com

Your hosts file is found at the following location:

• Windows XP and later: c:\windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts
• Linux: /etc/hosts
• OSX: /private/etc/hosts

More information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts_%28file%29

Mac OSX information added from JTM's answer to ensure everyone seeing this gets the correct information.

Adding 127.0.0.1 for safebrowsing-clients.google.com or safebrowsing-cache.google.com does not help. I did just that and according my suricata logs it is still pointing to the Google's real addresses, so browser does not use hosts file for that. I also tcpdumped the whole C-class where it previously pointed and still there is traffic to these addresses while I request totally different web sites.

However string match in iptables does the trick:

iptables -I FORWARD -m string --to 41 --algo bm --string 'safebrowsing-clients' -j GOOGLE
iptables -I FORWARD -m string --to 41 --algo bm --string 'safebrowsing-cache' -j GOOGLE
iptables -I GOOGLE -m string --to 80 --algo bm --string 'google' -j DROP

So a bit awkward and works only in Linux, but it works.