Why cannot I see any browsers in system preferences?

Do you have Google Chrome (I hope so since Canary is a pre-dev Chrome release and prone to crashing)?.

Go into the Chrome settings page by typing chrome://settings and setting Chrome as the default browser (it's under the "General" tab). Once you do that, it should fix the problem you are seeing in System Preferences

It looks like you may need to rebuild the Launch Services database, which is what the Mac uses for its "what apps can open this type of file" structure.

You can either do it in Terminal, using

/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Frameworks/LaunchServices.framework/Support/lsregister -kill -r -domain local -domain system -domain user ; killall Dock

then restart,

Or Onyx (freeware) can do it for you - Maintenance tab > Rebuilding - check just the first box & execute.