How can I run an executable from a CD when it doesn't have the executable bit set?

See what kind of file has been given a bin extension.

file $filename

If it's not binary data, it's text. So what program is to be used with this file?

head $filename

The first line might read #!/bin/bash. In that case run

bash $filename

to execute it. Or use whichever program for which the bin file was written, python, for example.

If the problem is that CDROM was mounted 'noexec' you can remount it executable.

sudo mount -o remount,exec /media/BDH\ DE/

If its not a script/text but a binary:

For 64-bit programs:

/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 ./program.bin

For 32-bit programs:

/lib/ld-linux.so.2 ./program.bin

Source:

"To execute binaries, use /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 ./program.bin for 64-bit programs and /lib/ld-linux.so.2 ./program.bin for 32-bit ones." – Comment from Lekensteyn on question https://askubuntu.com/a/17311/52853 Apr 13 2012

mount CDROM manually with umask=000, i.e.

sudo mount  -o umask=000 /dev/sdXY /mount_point