Determine $\lim_{x \to 0}{\frac{x-\sin{x}}{x^3}}=\frac{1}{6}$, without L'Hospital or Taylor

Let $L = \lim_{x \to 0} \dfrac{x - \sin(x)}{x^3}$. We then have \begin{align} L & = \underbrace{\lim_{y \to 0} \dfrac{3y - \sin(3y)}{27y^3} = \lim_{y \to 0} \dfrac{3y - 3\sin(y) + 4 \sin^3(y)}{27y^3}}_{\sin(3y) = 3 \sin(y) - 4 \sin^3(y)}\\ & = \lim_{y \to 0} \dfrac{3y - 3\sin(y)}{27 y^3} + \dfrac4{27} \lim_{y \to 0} \dfrac{\sin^3(y)}{y^3} = \dfrac{3}{27} L + \dfrac4{27} \end{align} This gives us $24L = 4 \implies L = \dfrac16$

Note: The original question didn't say anything about not using Taylor series. Then, after I answered this, the OP changed the question and said didn't want Taylor series either.

Another option would be using power series (aka Maclaurin series aka Taylor series centered at 0)

$$\sin x = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \cdots$$

At this point, it's pretty easy.

Short answer: function discussion. Long answer (details) is here.

First step. Your fraction is an even function so it is enough to consider the right limit.

Second step. Define the functions $f(x):=\sin(x)-x+\frac{1}{6}x^3$ and $g(x):=\sin(x)-x+\frac{1}{6}x^3-\frac{1}{120}x^5$ on the interval $[0, 0.1]$.

Third step. Prove that $f$ is strictly increasing and $g$ is strictly decreasing. ($f(0)=0$, it is enough $f'>0$. $f'(0)=0$, so it is enough $f''>0$ and so on. Similarly for $g$.

Forth step. From the third step $$ x-\frac{1}{6}x^3<\sin(x)<x-\frac{1}{6}x^3+\frac{1}{120}x^5. $$ The limit follows.