Virtual Desktop for OSX: Not "Virtual Desktops"
I am not sure if you are going to get an answer to this question.
There was a range of Dell notebooks that did support this a few years back, as I remember owning one, however unless the driver and monitor supports this there will be no way to increase the screen resolution beyond the physcial capabilities of the monitor and the card.
Since Apple develop the drivers, unless they have users requesting this feature in doves, I don't think they will provide this functionality. As far as I am aware you also can't override this with an Application, none of the API's I have seen allows the extending of the desktop resolution.
I had a similar sounding idea a while ago (3 years ago I think..) for a "panable window manager", and made a mockup for it:
I'm not totally sure how usable it would be.