Probability that $x^2+y^2+z^2=0$ mod $p$
This question on MSE asked the following:
"Given $x,y,z \in \mathbb{N},$ find probability that $x^2+y^2+z^2$ is divisible by $7.$"
The OP did not declare the assumed probability model, and was duly criticised for that. On the other hand, it is only natural to assume that $x$, $y$, $z$ are independently uniformly distributed mod $7$.
A case analysis then shows that that the probability in question is ${1\over7}$. This simple result led me to solve the same problem for the primes $p=3$, $5$, $11$, and $13$. In each case I obtained ${1\over p}$ as result. Further experiments showed that the remainder of $s=x^2+y^2+z^2$ mod $p$ is not uniformly distributed mod $p$, but that in any case the probability of $s=0$ mod $p$ is equal to ${1\over p}$ for all $p\leq107$. This leads to the following
Conjecture. Let the integeres $x$, $y$, $z$ be independently uniformly distributed modulo the prime $p$. Then the probability that $s:=x^2+y^2+z^2$ is divisible by $p$ is equal to ${1\over p}$.
Maybe this well known. Otherwise I'd like to see a proof.
Found it. Given odd dimension $n$ and quadratic form $$ f = a_1 x_1^2 + a_2 x_2^2 + \cdots + a_n x_n^2, $$ everything in a finite field with odd number of elements $q,$ the count $$ \#\left(f = b\right) \; = \; q^{n-1} + q^{(n-1)/2} \; \; \chi \left( \; (-1)^{(n-1)/2} \; b a_1 a_2 \ldots a_n\right). $$ At the bottom of page 91 Small points out that $$ \#\left(f = 0\right) \; = \; q^{n-1} . $$ When $b \neq 0$ we need to know what $\chi$ means.
Aah. Page 86, very simple. We have finite field $F$ and element $a.$ First $\chi(0) = 0.$ If $a$ is a nonzero square, $\chi(a)=1.$ If $a$ is nonzero and not a square, $\chi(a)=-1.$
Charles Small, Arithmetic of Finite Fields, Theorem 4.6 on page 91,