Does linux filesystem support fast file searching /indexing?
Solution 1:
Run sudo updatedb and locate [ filename or part ]updatedb updates the index database.
If you want to locate a program, run whereis [ program name ]
Solution 2:
If you are looking for file names only, it allready does this, it is called locate
For more advanced searching you can look at tracker: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Tracker (see also this question: What are the alternatives to OS X's Spotlight? )
More options you can find here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FindingFiles