Can I limit the CPU usage of a single application?

Install cpulimit

sudo apt-get install cpulimit

It provides different methods of limiting the CPU usage of a process foo to say, 20%

• By its process-name: sudo cpulimit -e foo -l 20.

• By its absolute path name: sudo cpulimit -P /usr/bin/foo -l 20

• By its PID:

  1. Find the PID of the process: pidof foo. (say, it outputs 1881)
  2. sudo cpulimit -p 1881 -l 20

Just as an alternative to cpulimit:

You could start clamscan with the nice-command, e.g.

nice -n 19 clamscan.

See man nice for details.

It does NOT limit the CPU, but it does lower the priority of the process.

Also there is renice to alter the priority of running processes.

If you're running clamd with systemd, you could use the CPUQuota option.

Edit /lib/systemd/system/clamav-daemon.service to include this line in the [Service] section:

CPUQuota=20%

Then restart the service

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl reload-or-restart clamav-daemon

This was going to be a comment on Clausi's answer (which I believe is the most "correct" from a system administration viewpoint, in my opinion) but it bloomed into something too big to fit in the comment box.

• Clamscan has a fixed amount of work to do so limiting it to a certain speed means it's just going to take longer. It's going to hold the CPU in contention for longer.

• Allow it to run as fast as it can means you use your CPU to its fullest. Making it very "nice" means it'll let other processes do their work before its own. This means if there are lots of other busy processes, yes, it'll take a long time to do its own work but if there's nothing on there, it'll just chunk through its workload.

This topic can be useful: HOWTO: Set maximum CPU consumption in percentage by any process