Where did the sports and game term "rubber" come from?
In sports, a rubber is a series that consists of an odd number of matches where a majority of wins takes the series. Wiktionary and Merriam-Webster both list the etymology of this definition as "origin unknown." Is there any more information available than this about the origin of this word, perhaps some study or speculation as to the origin?
Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1756) expresses no doubt that the term comes from the word rub:
RUBBER, s. [from rub]
One that rubs.
The instrument with which one rubs. Swift.
A coarse file. Moxon.
A game ; a contest ; two games out of three. Collier.
A whetstone.
Twenty years earlier, John Kersey, A New English Dictionary: or, A Compleat Collection of the most Proper and Significant Words, and Terms of Art Commonly used in the Language (1739) gives only two rubber-related definitions:
A Rubber, a Rubbing-Cloth.
To play Rubbers, or a double Game at any Sport.
Earlier editions of Kersey from 1706 and 1720 have no entries at all for rubber; and Elisha Coles, An English Dictionary, Explaining the Difficult Terms that are used in Divinity, Husbandry, Physick, Philosophy, Law, Navigation, Mathematicks, and other Arts and Sciences (1717) likewise has no entry for rubber. At least in their early editions the pre-Johnson dictionaries focused on difficult words, and it is highly probable that rubber was widely used in England prior to its appearance in the 1739 Kersey dictionary.
Though both Kersey (1739) and Johnson (1756) offer definitions for rubber in the context of games, neither includes a definition for latex-based rubber nor for anything implying elasticity. This provides circumstantial evidence that rubber as applied to games and sports is not directly connected to what used to be called "India rubber." In fact, the earliest dictionary I have found that mentions "India rubber" is Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), where this item appears at the bottom of the entry for rubber:
India rubber, elastic resin, or caoutchouc, a substance produced from the syringe tree of south America; a substance remarkably pliable and elastic.
All of which tends to eliminate the notion of elasticity or bouncing as a possible element the original sense of rubber as used in the context of games—but it doesn't offer much additional insight beyond Johnson's surmise that rubber in games, like the other senses of rubber that he lists, comes from rub.
Two very early instance of rubbers in the context of games appears in Thomas Dekker, "Sloth or The fourth dayes Triumph" in The Seven Deadly Sinnes of London (1606):
Hee [the "Cowardly Generall" Sloth] then gau licenses to all the Vintners, to keep open house, and to emptye their Hogsheades to all commers, who did so, dying their grates into a drunkards blush (to make them knowne from the Grates of a prison) least customers should reele away from them, and hanging out new bushes, that if men at their going out, could not see the signe,yet they might not loose themselues in the bush. He likewise gaue order that dicing-houses, and bowling alleyes should be erected, whereupon a number of poore handy-crafts-men, that beore wrought night and day, made stocks of themselues of ten groates, and crowns a peece, and what by Betting, Lurches, Rubbers and such tricks, they neuer tooke care for a good daies worke afterwards.
and in Thomas Dekker, "Vincents Law" in The Belman of London (1608):
The Dycing ebeator, and the cozening Card-player, walke in the habites of Gentlemen, and cary the faces of honest men. So likewise doe those that are Students in the Vincente Lawe : whose Inne is a Bowling Alley, whose bookes are bowles, and whose law cases are lurches and rubbers. The pastime of bowles is now growne to common exercise, or rather a trade of which some of all companies are frée ; the sport is not so common as the cozenage used in it, which to have it live with credyt and in a good name is called the Vincents Law.
In this Law they which play booty are the Banckers.
He that Betteth is the Gripe.
He that is cozened is the Vincent.
The Gaines gotten is called the Termage.
The Bankers are commonly men apparelled like honest and sub / stanciall Citizens, who come into the Bowling Allies, for a rubbers or so, as though it were rather for sport, then for any gaines, protesting they not whether they win or loose : which carelessnes of theirs is but a shadowe to their pretended knaveries : whilst they are crying Rub, Rub, Rub, and a Great one, In come the spectators dropping one by one, and stand leaning over a Rayle to behold them ; of which oftentimes some simple men that never saw common Bowling Ally before may perhaps be of the number, and is brought in of purpose by one of their owne Brotherhood to be rid of his money : ...
Though Dekker here is describing a crooked game of "bowles," it appear that in honest versions of the game, too, spectators would shout "Rub! Rub! Rub!"—either for encouragement, because "rubbing" (perhaps striking the target pins with the cast bowle) may have been the source of points in the game, or for purposes of calling for wagers. In any event Dekker's description of bowling offers a possible explanation for how rubber (or according to him, "a rubbers") might have emerged in its idiomatic gaming sense.
In explaining how to say "Rubbers at bowls" in Latin, Christopher Wase, Dictionarium Minus: A Compendious Dictionary English-Latin (1662) provides some insight into how the term was understood in English in 1662:
Rubbers (two games) at bowls Gemina in ludo sphærarum victoria.
Rubber: Sense of "deciding match" in a game or contest is 1590s, of unknown signification, and perhaps an entirely separate word. (from Etymonline) .
I guess that on the origin of the usage of the term 'rubber' in sports there are only speculations available. I post the following interesting one from the world of lawn bowling:
The sporting term rubber match refers to the final and deciding game in any series and traces its origins back to the 16th century English game of lawn bowling. Somewhat similar to bocce ball, the object of lawn bowling is to roll wooden balls across a flat field toward a smaller white ball so they stop as close as possible to the smaller ball without hitting it. Most experts agree that the term refers either to two balls rubbing together, a game-losing mistake or to the final game's potential to "rub out" or erase the losing team.
- Although the term would seem to be related to the elastic material rubber (a common component in sports balls), this is not the case, as rubber was unknown in medieval England. At the time, "rubber" was used to refer to something that cleaned a surface, like an eraser. Most sources date the use of the term "rubber" to refer to a tie-breaker as far back as 1599, and the term had migrated to card games by the 18th century. Referring to a tie-breaking game as a "rubber match" is common in a variety of sports and games from bridge to baseball. A three-game set in bridge is still commonly referred to as a rubber.
( from www.word-detective)