Python's interpretation of tabs and spaces to indent

Spaces are not treated as equivalent to tab. A line indented with a tab is at a different indentation from a line indented with 1, 2, 4 or 8 spaces.

Proof by counter-example (erroneous, or, at best, limited - tab != 4 spaces):

x = 1
if x == 1:
^Iprint "fff\n"
    print "yyy\n"

The '^I' shows a TAB. When run through Python 2.5, I get the error:

  File "xx.py", line 4
    print "yyy\n"
                ^
IndentationError: unindent does not match any outer indentation level

Thus showing that in Python 2.5, tabs are not equal to spaces (and in particular not equal to 4 spaces).

Oops - embarrassing; my proof by counter-example shows that tabs are not equivalent to 4 spaces. As Alex Martelli points out in a comment, in Python 2, tabs are equivalent to 8 spaces, and adapting the example with a tab and 8 spaces shows that this is indeed the case.

x = 1
if x != 1:
^Iprint "x is not 1\n"
        print "y is unset\n"

In Python 2, this code works, printing nothing.

In Python 3, the rules are slightly different (as noted by Antti Haapala). Compare:

• Python 2 on Indentation
• Python 3 on Indentation

Python 2 says:

First, tabs are replaced (from left to right) by one to eight spaces such that the total number of characters up to and including the replacement is a multiple of eight (this is intended to be the same rule as used by Unix). The total number of spaces preceding the first non-blank character then determines the line’s indentation. Indentation cannot be split over multiple physical lines using backslashes; the whitespace up to the first backslash determines the indentation.

Python 3 says:

Tabs are replaced (from left to right) by one to eight spaces such that the total number of characters up to and including the replacement is a multiple of eight (this is intended to be the same rule as used by Unix). The total number of spaces preceding the first non-blank character then determines the line’s indentation. Indentation cannot be split over multiple physical lines using backslashes; the whitespace up to the first backslash determines the indentation.

(Apart from the opening word "First," these are identical.)

Python 3 adds an extra paragraph:

Indentation is rejected as inconsistent if a source file mixes tabs and spaces in a way that makes the meaning dependent on the worth of a tab in spaces; a TabError is raised in that case.

This means that the TAB vs 8-space example that worked in Python 2 would generate a TabError in Python 3. It is best — necessary in Python 3 — to ensure that the sequence of characters making up the indentation on each line in a block is identical. PEP8 says 'use 4 spaces per indentation level'. (Google's coding standards say 'use 2 spaces'.)

Follow PEP 8 for Python style. PEP 8 says: Indentation

Use 4 spaces per indentation level.

For really old code that you don't want to mess up, you can continue to use 8-space tabs.

Tabs or Spaces?

Never mix tabs and spaces.

The most popular way of indenting Python is with spaces only. The second-most popular way is with tabs only. Code indented with a mixture of tabs and spaces should be converted to using spaces exclusively. When invoking the Python command line interpreter with the -t option, it issues warnings about code that illegally mixes tabs and spaces. When using -tt these warnings become errors. These options are highly recommended!