Is the weak topology sequential on some infinite-dimensional Banach space?

No, it cannot be sequential unless $X$ is finite-dimensional. Otherwise, for each $k$ we may pick a subspace $X_k$ of $X$ with $\dim X_k = k$. Moreover, we choose a finite $\tfrac{1}{k}$-net $x_{k,j}$ of the sphere $\{x\in X_k\colon \|x\|=k\}$ in $X_k$ (possible by compactness). Let $S$ be the union of all the nets picked above. We claim that 0 is in the weak closure of $S$.

Indeed, let $U$ be a weakly open neighbourhood of 0. Let $f_1, \ldots, f_n\in X^*$ be norm-one functionals and let $\varepsilon > 0$ be such that $$\{x\in X\colon \max_i |\langle f_i, x\rangle| < \varepsilon \}\subseteq U.$$ Take $k$ with $1/k <\varepsilon$. When $n<k$, there must be $y_k\in X_k$ such that $\langle f_i, y_k\rangle = 0$ for all $i$. Without loss of generality $\|y_k\|=k$. Pick $j$ so that $\|x_{k,j} - y_k\|\leqslant\tfrac{1}{k}$. Consequently, $$|\langle f_i, x_{k,j}\rangle| = |\langle f_i, x_{k,j} - y_k\rangle| \leqslant \|x_{k,j} - y_k\|\leqslant\tfrac{1}{k}<\varepsilon, $$ that is $x_{k,j}\in U$.

This establishes the claim and thus $S$ is not weakly closed.

On the other hand, every weakly convergent sequence in $S$ is bounded, and thus lives only on finitely many points of $S$. Hence, the weak limit belongs to $S$. This yields that $S$ is weakly sequentially closed.

There is a strengthening of this result by Gabriyelyan, Kąkol and Plebanek (see Theorem 1.5 here):

Theorem. Let $E$ be a Banach space. Then the weak topology of $E$ has the Ascoli property if and only if $E$ is finite-dimensional.