Why does $\frac{dq}{dt}$ not depend on $q$? Why does the calculus of variations work?

The Euler–Lagrange equations for a bob attached to a spring are $${d\over dt}\left({\partial L\over\partial v}\right)=\left({\partial L\over\partial x}\right)$$

But is $v$ a function of $x$? Normal thinking says that $x$ is a function of $t$ and $v$ is a function of $t$, but it is not necessary that $v$ be a function of $x$. Mathematically, however, $x=f(t)$ and $v=g(t)$, so $g^{-1}(v)=t$ and $x=f(g^{-1}(v))$.

The chain rule should be applied in these equations – why not here? I had previously asked this question on the physics Stack Exchange but it was marked a duplicate. In one of the answers there I found that the dedication of William Burke's Applied Differential Geometry read

To all those who, like me, have wondered how you can change $\dot q$ without changing $q$.

I couldn't understand the answer there. My mathematics is not that good. So I asked it here again. If someone could give an answer without the concept of manifolds, I think I will be able to understand it.

And Most importantly answers here say that notation is not that, but W. Burke has another reasons while the answers in the link have another reason. So what is the correct reason ? Like in f=(g(t)) we apply the chain rule. So why not here when f'(x) is function of f(x)?

Answer: It's so because the q and q dot are explicit functions of time so their partial derivative with each other is 0.....

I find that calculus of variations could benefit pedagogically from a few more "dummy-variables".

Here's how I think about it: $L$, properly speaking, is a function on three parameters. That is, $L:\Bbb R^3 \to \Bbb R$ so that $L(u_1,u_2,u_3)$ is a number for any three inputs $u_1,u_2,u_3$.

We're interested in the function $L(t,x(t),x'(t))$. The Euler Lagrange equations should then be written as $$ \frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial L}{\partial u_3}(t,x(t),x'(t)) = \frac{\partial L}{\partial u_2}(t,x(t),x'(t)) $$ and this is what the Euler-Lagrange equation is really talking about.

Certainly, if we wanted to compute $\frac{\partial L}{\partial x}(t,x(t),x'(t))$ with the usual definitions (or, I guess, with the "alternate interpretation"), we'd have some kind of chain rule to work through. That is, we'd have $$ \frac{\partial L}{\partial x}(t,x(t),x'(t)) = \frac{\partial L}{\partial u_2} \frac{\partial u_2}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial L}{\partial u_3} \frac{\partial u_3}{\partial x} = \frac{\partial L}{\partial u_2}(t,x,x') + \frac{\partial L}{\partial u_3}(t,x,x') \frac{\partial x'}{\partial x}(t) $$ However, this second interpretation is not the evaluation we're interested in.

Boiled down, the issue appears to be:

• For a particular function $f$, "the velocity is determined by the position": Precisely, if you know $f$, then (in practice) the value of $x = f(t)$ (essentially) determines the value of $v = f'(t)$ (as mentioned in your question, up to the relatively minor ambiguity noted in ryan16's comment).

• The Lagrangian, however, is defined on the space of functions, and knowledge of the height of a graph $x$ at one point tells you nothing about the slope $v$ at that point. (To deduce $f'(t)$ from $f$, you must know the values of $f$ in some open interval about $t$. The only relationships between the values $f(t)$ and $f'(t)$ are global, coming from boundary conditions and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.)

In case it's helpful, think of a three-dimensional Cartesian space with coordinates $(t, x, v)$. Given a function $f$, compare the two paths: $$ \gamma_{1}(t) = \bigl(t, f(t), 0\bigr),\qquad \gamma_{2}(t) = \bigl(t, f(t), f'(t)\bigr). $$ Convince yourself that a "small perturbation" of $f$ (introducing a zag of small height, say) can have a dramatic effect on $\gamma_{2}$ yet no visible effect on $\gamma_{1}$.

I wrote on another post about this matter. The way people write Euler-Lagrange equation is pretty confusing to me, so I decided to abandon the use of the notion "differentiate with respect to a variable" to clear things up. Hopefully you can follow the following notations.

Let $x:[t_1,t_2]\to \Bbb R$ be a smooth enough function. For this function, define another function $f_x:[t_1,t_2]\to \Bbb R^3$ by $$f_x(t):=(t,x(t),x'(t)).$$ Let $L:\Bbb R^3\to \Bbb R$ be the Lagrangian that is a smooth enough function. The functional to be optimised is usually written as $$S[x]=\int_{t_1}^{t_2}L(t,x(t),x'(t))dt.$$ But in our notations, we write it as $$S[x]=\int_{t_1}^{t_2}L\circ f_x$$ and we no longer need to specify that we integrate with respect to $t$ because the domain of $L\circ f_x$ is just an interval.

Partial derivatives of $L$ give rise to new functions. In our case, we concern about $$\partial_{e_2}L:\Bbb R^3\to \Bbb R$$ and $$\partial_{e_3}L:\Bbb R^3\to \Bbb R$$ where $e_2, e_3$ are vectors in the standard basis for $\Bbb R^3$.

In our notations, the Euler-Lagrange equation would be stated as $$(\partial_{e_3}L\circ f_x)'(t)-(\partial_{e_2}L\circ f_x)(t)=0.$$