What is the word for "technical usurpation of an old word"?
Is there a word for "usurpation, rather than merely borrowing, of an old word by later, technical usage"? If so, what is it?
For example, of old, the English word summer meant "that season of the year in which the sun shines most directly; the warmest period of the year"; or even of older, as our own Peter Shor observes, "the half-year from around April to September." However, if you use the word today in its ancient senses, it may not be long before someone earnestly corrects you to the effect that "summer" did not start until the solstice, about June 21.
Meghan Barr, Associated Press, June 19, 2012:
NEW YORK—The official start of summer brought temperatures in the high 90s to the Eastern Seaboard on Wednesday....
One does not wish to be too unkind to a busy staff reporter, perspiring at her desk, hurriedly churning pages of copy! However, the adjective "astronomical" was, of course, available to Ms. Barr in place of the vague "official." Now, Ms. Barr (as one suspects) and I both agree that her audience would have found "astronomical" jarring in this context; but, you see, that's my point.
Other old words that have suffered as summer has might include nouns like force, energy and power, adjectives like energetic (but oddly not forceful or powerful), verbs like to dissolve, and so on. Our own FumbleFingers notes the noun train, whose older meanings the heedless locomotive seems to have hauled away.
The word metaphor indicates the borrowing, but does not imply the usurpation. Is there a word (most likely a word from the Greek, one supposes) that also implies the usurpation?
I might suggest:
coopt:
to use or take control of (something) for your own purposes Merriam WebsterTo take or assume for one's own use; appropriate The Free Dictionary
or in extreme cases
redefine*:
- to define (as a concept) again, reformulate; had to redefine their terms
- to reexamine or reevaluate especially with a view to change
*From Merriam Webster
I think these definitions are especially applicable when something new is invented that needs a name and an existing word is coopted for that purpose. Computer comes to mind where this used to mean a person who performed computations. I've seen pictures of a room full of women all sitting at desks parallel processing.
"Specialization" or "Semantic Narrowing" - "A process of SEMANTIC CHANGE in which narrowing occurs in the meaning of a word..."