What should go into an .h file?
When dividing your code up into multiple files just what exactly should go into an .h file and what should go into a .cpp file?
Solution 1:
Header files (.h) are designed to provide the information that will be needed in multiple files. Things like class declarations, function prototypes, and enumerations typically go in header files. In a word, "definitions".
Code files (.cpp) are designed to provide the implementation information that only needs to be known in one file. In general, function bodies, and internal variables that should/will never be accessed by other modules, are what belong in .cpp files. In a word, "implementations".
The simplest question to ask yourself to determine what belongs where is "if I change this, will I have to change code in other files to make things compile again?" If the answer is "yes" it probably belongs in the header file; if the answer is "no" it probably belongs in the code file.
Solution 2:
Fact is, in C++, this is somewhat more complicated that the C header/source organization.
What does the compiler see?
The compiler sees one big source (.cpp) file with its headers properly included. The source file is the compilation unit that will be compiled into an object file.
So, why are headers necessary?
Because one compilation unit could need information about an implementation in another compilation unit. So one can write for example the implementation of a function in one source, and write the declaration of this function in another source needing to use it.
In this case, there are two copies of the same information. Which is evil...
The solution is to share some details. While the implementation should remain in the Source, the declaration of shared symbols, like functions, or definition of structures, classes, enums, etc., could need to be shared.
Headers are used to put those shared details.
Move to the header the declarations of what need to be shared between multiple sources
Nothing more?
In C++, there are some other things that could be put in the header because, they need, too, be shared:
- inline code
- templates
- constants (usually those you want to use inside switches...)
Move to the header EVERYTHING what need to be shared, including shared implementations
Does it then mean that there could be sources inside the headers?
Yes. In fact, there are a lot of different things that could be inside a "header" (i.e. shared between sources).
- Forward declarations
- declarations/definition of functions/structs/classes/templates
- implementation of inline and templated code
It becomes complicated, and in some cases (circular dependencies between symbols), impossible to keep it in one header.
Headers can be broken down into three parts
This means that, in an extreme case, you could have:
- a forward declaration header
- a declaration/definition header
- an implementation header
- an implementation source
Let's imagine we have a templated MyObject. We could have:
// - - - - MyObject_forward.hpp - - - -
// This header is included by the code which need to know MyObject
// does exist, but nothing more.
template<typename T>
class MyObject ;
.
// - - - - MyObject_declaration.hpp - - - -
// This header is included by the code which need to know how
// MyObject is defined, but nothing more.
#include <MyObject_forward.hpp>
template<typename T>
class MyObject
{
public :
MyObject() ;
// Etc.
} ;
void doSomething() ;
.
// - - - - MyObject_implementation.hpp - - - -
// This header is included by the code which need to see
// the implementation of the methods/functions of MyObject,
// but nothing more.
#include <MyObject_declaration.hpp>
template<typename T>
MyObject<T>::MyObject()
{
doSomething() ;
}
// etc.
.
// - - - - MyObject_source.cpp - - - -
// This source will have implementation that does not need to
// be shared, which, for templated code, usually means nothing...
#include <MyObject_implementation.hpp>
void doSomething()
{
// etc.
} ;
// etc.
Wow!
In the "real life", it is usually less complicated. Most code will have only a simple header/source organisation, with some inlined code in the source.
But in other cases (templated objects knowing each others), I had to have for each object separate declaration and implementation headers, with an empty source including those headers just to help me see some compilation errors.
Another reason to break down headers into separate headers could be to speed up the compilation, limiting the quantity of symbols parsed to the strict necessary, and avoiding unecessary recompilation of a source who cares only for the forward declaration when an inline method implementation changed.
Conclusion
You should make your code organization both as simple as possible, and as modular as possible. Put as much as possible in the source file. Only expose in headers what needs to be shared.
But the day you'll have circular dependancies between templated objects, don't be surprised if your code organization becomes somewhat more "interesting" that the plain header/source organization...
^_^
Solution 3:
in addition to all other answers, i will tell you what you DON'T place in a header file:using declaration (the most common being using namespace std;) should not appear in a header file because they pollute the namespace of the source file in which it is included.
Solution 4:
What compiles into nothing (zero binary footprint) goes into header file.
Variables do not compile into nothing, but type declarations do (coz they only describe how variables behave).
functions do not, but inline functions do (or macros), because they produce code only where called.
templates are not code, they are only a recipe for creating code. so they also go in h files.
Solution 5:
In general, you put declarations in the header file and definitions in the implementation (.cpp) file. The exception to this is templates, where the definition must also go in the header.
This question and ones similar to it has been asked frequently on SO - see Why have header files and .cpp files in C++? and C++ Header Files, Code Separation for example.