How can I make my managed NuGet package support C++/CLI projects?

As Patrick O'Hara wrote, NuGet will not make changes to a C++/CLI project for you. See GitHub Issue NuGet/Home#1121 - Cannot install managed packages into a CLI project. However, using the NuGet command line utility, NuGet.exe, you can have NuGet download and unpack the desired package(s).

For a complete example, here were steps that I took to add a reference to OptimizedPriorityQueue 1.0.0 in a Visual Studio 2013 C++/CLI project:

1. Open the Package Manager Console if not already open (TOOLS > NuGet Package Manager > Package Manager Console).

2. In the Package Manager Console, install the NuGet.CommandLine package:

   Install-Package NuGet.CommandLine
   

   (Note: As of this writing, the latest version of NuGet.CommandLine is 2.8.6. It may be different for you.)

3. Within your project folder, there should now be a .nuget\packages.config XML file with the following contents:

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
   <packages>
     <package id="NuGet.CommandLine" version="2.8.6" />
   </packages>
   

4. In a text editor such as Notepad++, add a <package> element for the desired package. In this case, I added:

   <package id="OptimizedPriorityQueue" version="1.0.0" />
   

   .. within the <packages> element.

5. Open a command prompt (I opened a VS2013 Developer Command Prompt, but a regular command prompt should work.)

6. cd into the project folder.

7. Run the following command, changing the version number of NuGet.CommandLine if different:

   .\packages\NuGet.CommandLine.2.8.6\tools\NuGet.exe Install -NonInteractive -OutputDirectory packages .nuget\packages.config
   

   For me, the output was:

   Installing 'OptimizedPriorityQueue 1.0.0.0'.
   Successfully installed 'OptimizedPriorityQueue 1.0.0.0'.
   All packages listed in packages.config are already installed.
   

8. Right click on the project in Visual Studio and select Properties. Under Common Properties > References, click the Add New Reference… button.
9. Select Browse on the left hand side. Next to the Add Reference dialog's OK and Cancel buttons, there is a Browse… button. Click that to open a file selection dialog.
10. Navigate to the DLLs that NuGet unpacked to the packages subdirectory of your project folder and click the Add button. Click OK to close the Add Reference dialog.

11. You should now be able to use the assembly in your C++/CLI project:

    using namespace Priority_Queue;
    
    //...
    

There seem to be actually a possibility to enable "regular" NuGet packages to be installed and automatically referenced from C++/CLI projects using following steps (at least with NuGet >= 2.5):

1. Add (or modify) a build\<ProjectName>.targets file to your project to be packaged and put following content into it (make sure to replace <AssemblyName> with an actual value):

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
   <Project ToolsVersion="4.0"
            xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
     <!-- for C++/CLI projects only -->
     <ItemGroup Condition="'$(Language)' == 'C++'">
       <Reference Include="<AssemblyName>">
         <!--
           this .targets file is installed next to the assembly,
           so we do not have to figure out any versions or paths here ourselves
         -->
         <HintPath>
           $(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)..\lib\native\<AssemblyName>.dll
         </HintPath>
       </Reference>
     </ItemGroup>
   </Project>
   

2. In the .nuspec of the packaged project add one or more file entries to also place the assembly in lib\native\ directory at the target machine:

   <package>
     <metadata>
       ...
     </metadata>
     <files>
       ...
       <!--
         add a copy of the assembly to lib\native to prevent NuGet
         from complaining about incompatible native projects
       -->
       <file src="bin\$configuration$\$id$.dll" target="lib\native\" />
       <file src="bin\$configuration$\$id$.xml" target="lib\native\" />
   
       <!-- don't forget about the .targets file containing the reference -->
       <file src="build\$id$.targets" target="build\" />
     </files>
     ...
   </package>
   

Even if NuGet does not add assembly references to C++/CLI projects, it still inserts any .props and .targets files provided by a package. And the custom target from step 1 will add a reference to our packaged assembly.

One drawback of this solution, as far as I could see it, is that the reference added in such a way is not displayed in the Commpon Properties/Framework and References section of the C++/CLI project. There may also be others, so use it at your own risk...

As mentioned in the answer to this port (Nuget won't install Entity Framework into C++/CLI project), NuGet will not make the changes to a C++/CLI project for you. It will however download and unpackage the dependency for you. We use it from the command line as part of our make dependencies. The command line will look something like this:

/.NuGet/NuGet.exe
      Install 
      -NonInteractive 
      -ConfigFile $ENV{SRC_ROOT}/.nuget/NuGet.config 
      -OutputDirectory $ENV{SRC_ROOT}/packages 
      $ENV{SRC_ROOT}/packages.config

Note that the command line areguments are separated one to a line to make reading easier. Also we decided to check NuGet into our source control un the .NuGet folder. The goal was to make it easier to setup a build machine for our various environments (not all of which use Visual Studio). Once you have run this command for the first time, you must manually add the dependencies to your C++/CLI project.
Hope that helps.