The ring of integers of a number field is finitely generated.

Solution 1:

The shortest proof I know is the following, and it doesn't generalize to a more abstract setting: let $\sigma_1, ... \sigma_n$ denote the $n$ embeddings $K \to \mathbb{C}$. Consider the map $(\sigma_1, ..., \sigma_n) : K \to \mathbb{C}^n$. Then this map embeds $\mathcal{O}_K$ as a discrete subgroup of $\mathbb{C}^n$, which is necessarily a finitely-generated free abelian group.*

The important step here is to check that the image of $\mathcal{O}_K$ is actually discrete, but this follows e.g. from the fact that if the $\sigma_i$ are too small then the elementary symmetric polynomials in the $\sigma_i$ (the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial) cannot take integer values (other than $0$).

_{*Sketch: given a discrete subgroup $G$ of $\mathbb{R}^d$, let $g_1, ..., g_r$ be a subset of $G$ which is a basis of $\text{span}(G)$ as a vector space. Then $\mathbb{Z} g_1 \oplus ... \oplus \mathbb{Z} g_r$ has finite index in $G$ because there are finitely many elements of $G$ in the parallelogram determined by the $g_i$ by discreteness.}