Mount exited with exit code 13

This really worked for me.

On some recent Linux releases, you need to install ntfs-3g utilities. Try sudo apt-get install ntfs-3g or download from http://www.tuxera.com/community/ntfs-3g-download/. ntfs-3g includes ntfsprogs.

ntfsprogs is a suite of NTFS utilities based around a shared library. The tools are available for free and come with full source code.

mkntfs: Create an NTFS volume on a partition
ntfscat: Print a file on the standard output
ntfsclone: Efficiently backup/restore a volume at the sector level
ntfscluster: Given a cluster, or sector, find the file
ntfsfix: Forces Windows to check NTFS at boot time
ntfsinfo: Dump a file’s attributes, completely
ntfslabel: Display or set a volume’s label
ntfslib: Move all the common code into a shared library
ntfsls: List directory contents
ntfsresize: Resize an NTFS volume
ntfsundelete: Find files that have been deleted and recover them
ntfswipe: Write zeros over the unused parts of the disk
ntfsdefrag: Defragment files, directories and the MFT
ntfsck: Perform consistancy checks on a volume
nttools: Command-line tools to view/change an offline NTFS volume, e.g. ntfscp, ntfsgrep, ntfstouch, ntfsrm, ntfsrmdir, ntfsmkdir
ntfsdiskedit: Walk the tree of NTFS ondisk structures (and alter them)

Be careful with these utilities, they might damage the filesystem, or your hard disk !

(Source: http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/ntfsprogs.htm)

With ntfs-3g installed (sudo apt-get install ntfs-3g) you should execute the following commands in a terminal:

sudo ntfsfix /dev/partitionName

After this command you should expect the following output:

~$ sudo ntfsfix /dev/sdb3
Mounting volume... FAILED
Attempting to correct errors...
Processing $MFT and $MFTMirr...
Reading $MFT... OK
Reading $MFTMirr... OK
Comparing $MFTMirr to $MFT... FAILED
Correcting differences in $MFTMirr record 0...OK
Processing of $MFT and $MFTMirr completed successfully.
Setting required flags on partition... OK
Going to empty the journal ($LogFile)... OK
NTFS volume version is 3.1.
NTFS partition /dev/sdb3 was processed successfully.

After this step you should be able to access your external drive partition as usual, mount or use nautilus to access your files.

GPT is the GUID Partition Table, which is the next-generation partitioning system used on Macs, UEFI-based PCs, and disks over 2TiB in size. It can also be used on smaller disks even on BIOS-based systems, so long as you don't expect to boot Windows from such disks. As the fdisk warning message notes, fdisk doesn't support GPT, so you shouldn't attempt to use fdisk on this disk. Instead, use gdisk (part of the gdisk or gptfdisk package, depending on how you install it) or parted.

GPT doesn't have anything to do with your problem, though. The mount error message indicates an I/O error, which most probably indicates a hardware fault. You might try running a SMART test on the disk using a tool like gsmartcontrol (GUI) or smartctl (text-mode). This should turn up any hardware fault, but the output of a SMART test can be hard to interpret. Since you say it's an external drive, it could also be a loose or damaged cable, so you might try reseating or replacing it. Cable faults won't turn up in a SMART test.

More generally, if it's not actually a hardware fault, you cannot do adequate filesystem tests on NTFS from either Linux or OS X; only Windows provides tools to do this. You may not be able to mount an NTFS disk that needs filesystem checks, so you must be able to get an NTFS disk to a Windows system from time to time to deal with such problems. If you never use the disk on a Windows system, NTFS is the wrong filesystem to use on it.

For Linux-only use, it's best to use a Linux-native filesystem, such as ext2fs, ext3fs, ext4fs, ReiserFS, XFS, JFS, or perhaps Btrfs. (I wouldn't use ext2fs on a 1TB disk, though.) If you use the disk for both Linux and OS X, I'd use either FAT or HFS+. Despite its age, FAT is still the best-supported cross-OS filesystem. It has problems with a maximum file size of 4GiB, though, which can be a problem if you store multimedia or other big files. HFS+ is OK for Linux/OS X use, provided you understand how to disable the journal and deal with permissions issues. (If the journal is enabled, Linux won't write to HFS+ unless you use an override mount option, which may reduce safety.)