Exactly what is the difference between a "closure" and a "block"?

I've found that lots of people use the words closure and block interchangeably. Most of these people can't explain what they're talking about.

Some Java programmers (even ones from really expensive consultancies) talk about anonymous inner classes as "blocks" and "closures" - but I know this isn't true. (You can't pass mutable variables in from the scope of the method in which they're defined...)

I'm looking for:

• a precise, computer science definition of a block
• a precise, computer science definition of a closure
• and clarification on the difference between the two.

I'd really like to see links, articles or book references on these please.

While a block is just a piece of code that can be composed by statements and declarations but nothing else, a closure is a real first-class object, a real variable that has a block as its value.

The main difference is that a block simply groups instructions together (for example the body of a while statement), while a closure is a variable that contains some code that can be executed.

If you have a closure usually you can pass it as a parameter to functions, currify and decurrify it, and mainly call it!

Closure c = { println 'Hello!' }
/* now you have an object that contains code */
c.call()

Of course closures are more powerful, they are variables and can be used to define custom behaviour of objects (while usually you had to use interfaces or other OOP approaches in programming).

You can think of a closure as a function that contains what that function does inside itself.

Blocks are useful because they allow scoping of variables. Usually when you define a variable inside a scope you can override the outer definitions without any problems and new definitions will exist just during the execution of block.

for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
{
     int t = i*2;
     printf("%d\r\n", t);
}

t is defined inside the block (the body of the for statement) and will last just inside that block.

A block is something syntactical - A logical unit of statements (more related to scope than to closure).

if (Condition) {
    // Block here 
} 
else {
    // Another block
}

A closure is related to anoymous functions or classes - An anonymous (function) object, a piece of code that is bound to an environment (with its variables).

def foo() {
   var x = 0
   return () => { x += 1; return x }
}

Here foo returns a closure! The local variable x persists through the closure even after foo terminated and can be incremented through calls of the returned anonymous function.

val counter = foo()
print counter() // Returns 2
print counter() // Return 3

Note that's just Ruby in which block and closure are treated similarly since what Ruby calls block is a closure:

(1..10).each do |x|
    p x
end

There each-method is passed a closure function (taking a parameter x) which is called a block in Ruby.