Rounding to two decimal places in Python 2.7?
Use the built-in function round()
:
>>> round(1.2345,2)
1.23
>>> round(1.5145,2)
1.51
>>> round(1.679,2)
1.68
Or built-in function format()
:
>>> format(1.2345, '.2f')
'1.23'
>>> format(1.679, '.2f')
'1.68'
Or new style string formatting:
>>> "{:.2f}".format(1.2345)
'1.23
>>> "{:.2f}".format(1.679)
'1.68'
Or old style string formatting:
>>> "%.2f" % (1.679)
'1.68'
help on round
:
>>> print round.__doc__
round(number[, ndigits]) -> floating point number
Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
This always returns a floating point number. Precision may be negative.
Since you're talking about financial figures, you DO NOT WANT to use floating-point arithmetic. You're better off using Decimal.
>>> from decimal import Decimal
>>> Decimal("33.505")
Decimal('33.505')
Text output formatting with new-style format()
(defaults to half-even rounding):
>>> print("financial return of outcome 1 = {:.2f}".format(Decimal("33.505")))
financial return of outcome 1 = 33.50
>>> print("financial return of outcome 1 = {:.2f}".format(Decimal("33.515")))
financial return of outcome 1 = 33.52
See the differences in rounding due to floating-point imprecision:
>>> round(33.505, 2)
33.51
>>> round(Decimal("33.505"), 2) # This converts back to float (wrong)
33.51
>>> Decimal(33.505) # Don't init Decimal from floating-point
Decimal('33.50500000000000255795384873636066913604736328125')
Proper way to round financial values:
>>> Decimal("33.505").quantize(Decimal("0.01")) # Half-even rounding by default
Decimal('33.50')
It is also common to have other types of rounding in different transactions:
>>> import decimal
>>> Decimal("33.505").quantize(Decimal("0.01"), decimal.ROUND_HALF_DOWN)
Decimal('33.50')
>>> Decimal("33.505").quantize(Decimal("0.01"), decimal.ROUND_HALF_UP)
Decimal('33.51')
Remember that if you're simulating return outcome, you possibly will have to round at each interest period, since you can't pay/receive cent fractions, nor receive interest over cent fractions. For simulations it's pretty common to just use floating-point due to inherent uncertainties, but if doing so, always remember that the error is there. As such, even fixed-interest investments might differ a bit in returns because of this.
You can use str.format()
, too:
>>> print "financial return of outcome 1 = {:.2f}".format(1.23456)
financial return of outcome 1 = 1.23
When working with pennies/integers. You will run into a problem with 115 (as in $1.15) and other numbers.
I had a function that would convert an Integer to a Float.
...
return float(115 * 0.01)
That worked most of the time but sometimes it would return something like 1.1500000000000001
.
So I changed my function to return like this...
...
return float(format(115 * 0.01, '.2f'))
and that will return 1.15
. Not '1.15'
or 1.1500000000000001
(returns a float, not a string)
I'm mostly posting this so I can remember what I did in this scenario since this is the first result in google.