Euler Product formula for Riemann zeta function proof

In class we introduced Reimann Zeta function

$$ \zeta (x)=\sum_{n=1}^{+\infty} \frac{1}{n^x} $$ And we proved its domain was $D=(1,+\infty)$

Now Euler proved that

$$ \zeta(x)=\prod_{p\text{ prime}}\frac{1}{1-p^{-x}} $$

By saying $$ \zeta(x)=1+\frac{1}{2^x}+\frac{1}{3^x}+... \\ \zeta(x)(\frac{1}{2^x})=\frac{1}{2^x}+\frac{1}{4^x}+... \\ \zeta(x)(1-\frac{1}{2^x})=1+\frac{1}{3^x}+\frac{1}{5^x}+... $$

And so on for every prime number.

However this proof isn't a 'rigorous proof' as my professor says. Why is that and how would one prove this rigorously? Any reference would be helpful. I have seen on wikipedia that to make the proof rigorous we need to observe $\mathfrak{R}(x)>1$ Is that the real part of x or something else?

(this is how I'd do it)

consider the formal product and series, then by induction on the $k$th prime : $$\prod_p (1+p^{-x}+p^{-2x}+\ldots) = \sum_n a_n n^{-x}$$

now consider the coefficient $a_1$ : it is clearly $1$, the coefficient $a_2$ : it is clearly $1$, etc. (by the fundamental theorem of arithmetic).

now do the same with $$F_K(x) = \prod_{p \le K} (1+p^{-x}+p^{-2x}+\ldots) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n(K) n^{-x}$$

then if $n = \prod_i p_i^{e_i}$ : $a_n(K) = 1$ if all the $p_i \le K$, otherwise $a_n(K) = 0$.

clearly $F_K(x)$ is well-defined for any $x > 1$ (it is a finite product), and $\lim_{K \to \infty} F_K(x)$ exists too because the logarithm of the infinite product is $-\sum_p \ln(1-p^{-x})$ which is absolutely convergent since $\ln(1-p^{-x}) \sim -p^{-x}$ and that $\sum_p p^{-x} < \sum_{n=1}^\infty n^{-x}$ which is (absolutely) convergent.

finally, $\zeta(x)- F_K(x) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty |a_n(K)-1| n^{-x} > 0$, it is absolutely convergent, it is decreasing in $K$, and it clearly $\to 0$ when $K \to \infty$ since every term $\to 0$.

i.e. :

$$\lim_{K \to \infty} F_K(x) = \prod_p \frac{1}{1-p^{-x}} = \zeta(x) \qquad\qquad (\forall \ x > 1)$$

the proof for every $Re(x) > 1$ is a little more complicated, since we don't have monotone convergence of $\zeta(x)-F_K(x)$ to $0$ but only absolute convergence.

Eulers formula for the Zeta function is, $$ \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} \frac1{1- p^{-s}} = \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}} (\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} p^{-ks}) $$

Infinite sums and products may depend on order. Finite do not. Consider the finite products, $$ \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} \frac{1- p^{-(K+1)s}}{1- p^{-s}} = \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} \sum_{k=0}^{K} p^{-ks} $$

Product over a sum is the sum over the cartesian products of the products. $$ \prod_{a \in A} \sum_{b \in B_a} t_{a,b} = \sum_{c \in \prod_{a \in A} B_a} \prod_{a \in A}t_{a,c_a} $$

where the product of sets $\prod_{a \in A} B_a$ is taken to be a cartesian product.

$$ \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} \sum_{k=0}^{K} p^{-ks} = \sum_{v \in \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} \{ 0 .. K\}} \prod_{p \in P}^{p \le A}p^{-v_ps} = \sum_{v \in \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} \{ 0 .. K\}} (\prod_{p \in P}^{p \le A}p^{-v_p})^{-s}$$

Change the summing variable using, $$ \sum_{v \in V } g(f(v)) = \sum_{w \in \{f(v) : v \in V \} } g(w)$$ which is valid only if f is one to one. This is true by Fundamental theorem of arithmetic, as every number has a unique factorization. This gives,

$$ \prod_{k=0}^{K} \sum_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} p^{-ks} = \sum_{n \in \{\prod_{p \in P}^{p \le A}p^{-v_p} : v \in \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} \{ 0 .. K\} \} } n^{-s} $$

Define Q by, $$ Q(A, K) = \{\prod_{p \in P}^{p \le A}p^{-v_p} : v \in \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} \{ 0 .. K\} \}$$

No natural number may have a factor greater than itself. Also the highest power it can have for a prime factor is $N = 2^K$, giving $K = \log_2(N)$. Every number from 1..N must have a unique factorization, and that factorization must be constructed by Q.

$$ \{1 .. N\} \subset Q(N, log_2(N)) $$

The positive natural numbers are given by, $$ \lim_{A \to \infty, K \to \infty}Q(A,K) = \mathbb{N+} = \{\prod_{p \in P}p^{-v_p} : v \in \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}} \{ 0 .. \infty\} \}$$

Then, $$ \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} \frac{1- p^{-(K+1)s}}{1- p^{-s}} = \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} (\sum_{k=0}^{K} p^{-ks}) = \sum_{n \in Q(A, K)} n^{-s} $$

Taking limits, $$ \lim_{A \to \infty, K \to \infty} \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} \frac{1- p^{-(K+1)s}}{1- p^{-s}} = \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}} \frac1{1- p^{-s}} $$

$$ \lim_{A \to \infty, K \to \infty} \sum_{n \in Q(A, K)} n^{-s} = \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N^+}} n^{-s} $$

The order of summation is not prescribed by the sum. Infinite sums can have different values depending on order. However, $$ \sum_{1..n}^{\infty} n^{-s} $$ is absolutely convergent for $\Re(s) > 1$, which guarantees that the sum will converge to the same limit irrespective of order. So $$ \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}} \frac1{1- p^{-s}} = \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N^+}} n^{-s} = \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} n^{-s} = \zeta(s) $$

An alternative approach compares the limit with, $\zeta(s)$. Consider, $$ \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}} \frac1{1- p^{-s}}- \zeta(s) $$

Then, $$ \lim_{A \to \infty, K \to \infty} \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}}^{p \le A} \frac{1- p^{-(K+1)s}}{1- p^{-s}} - \lim_{N \to \infty} \sum_{n = 1}^{N} n^{-s} $$

Or, $$ \lim_{A \to \infty, K \to \infty} \sum_{n \in Q(A, K)} n^{-s} - \lim_{N \to \infty} \sum_{n = 1}^{N} n^{-s} $$

So, $$ \lim_{N \to \infty} \sum_{n \in (Q(N, \log_2(N)) - \{1 .. N\})} n^{-s} $$

$s$ may be complex, $ s = u + it $ $$ \lim_{N \to \infty} \sum_{n \in (Q(N, \log_2(N)) - \{1 .. N\})} n^{-u} e^{-it \ln(n)}$$

The magnitude is,

$$ \lim_{N \to \infty} | \sum_{n \in (Q(N, \log_2(N)) - \{1 .. N\})} n^{-s} | <= \lim_{N \to \infty} \sum_{n \in (Q(N, \log_2(N)) - \{1 .. N\})} n^{-u}$$ $$ <= \lim_{N \to \infty}\sum_{n=N+1}^{\infty} n^{-u} = 0 $$

As $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} n^{-u}$ converges absolutely for $ u > 1 $

So if $s = u + it \wedge u > 1$, $$ \prod_{p \in \mathbb{P}} \frac1{1- p^{-s}} = \zeta(s) $$