Determining Stack Space with Visual Studio

I'm programming in C in Visual Studio 2005. I have a multi-threaded program, but that's not especially important here.

How can I determine (approximately) how much stack space my threads use?

The technique I was planning to use is setting the stack memory to some predetermined value, say 0xDEADBEEF, running the program for a long time, pausing the program, and investigating the stack.

How do I read and write stack memory with Visual Studio?

EDIT: See, for example, "How to determine maximum stack usage." That question talks about an embedded system, but here I'm trying to determine the answer on a regular PC.

Windows does not commit the stack memory immediately; instead, it reserves the address space for it, and commits it page-by-page when it is accessed. Read this page for more info.

As a result, stack address space consists of three contiguous regions:

• Reserved but uncommitted memory which can be used for stack growth (but was never accessed yet);
• Guard page, which was never accessed yet too, and serves to trigger stack growth when accessed;
• Committed memory, i.e. stack memory which was ever accessed by the thread.

This allows us to construct a function that obtains stack size (with page size granularity):

static size_t GetStackUsage()
{
    MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION mbi;
    VirtualQuery(&mbi, &mbi, sizeof(mbi));
    // now mbi.AllocationBase = reserved stack memory base address

    VirtualQuery(mbi.AllocationBase, &mbi, sizeof(mbi));
    // now (mbi.BaseAddress, mbi.RegionSize) describe reserved (uncommitted) portion of the stack
    // skip it

    VirtualQuery((char*)mbi.BaseAddress + mbi.RegionSize, &mbi, sizeof(mbi));
    // now (mbi.BaseAddress, mbi.RegionSize) describe the guard page
    // skip it

    VirtualQuery((char*)mbi.BaseAddress + mbi.RegionSize, &mbi, sizeof(mbi));
    // now (mbi.BaseAddress, mbi.RegionSize) describe the committed (i.e. accessed) portion of the stack

    return mbi.RegionSize;
}

One thing to consider: CreateThread allows to specify initial stack commit size (via dwStackSize parameter, when STACK_SIZE_PARAM_IS_A_RESERVATION flag is not set). If this parameter is nonzero, our function will return correct value only when stack usage becomes greater than dwStackSize value.

You can make use of information in the Win32 Thread Information Block

When you want in a thread to find out how much stack space it uses you can do something like this:

#include <windows.h>
#include <winnt.h>
#include <intrin.h>

inline NT_TIB* getTib()
{
    return (NT_TIB*)__readfsdword( 0x18 );
}
inline size_t get_allocated_stack_size()
{
    return (size_t)getTib()->StackBase - (size_t)getTib()->StackLimit;
}

void somewhere_in_your_thread()
{
    // ...
    size_t sp_value = 0;
    _asm { mov [sp_value], esp }
    size_t used_stack_size = (size_t)getTib()->StackBase - sp_value;

    printf("Number of bytes on stack used by this thread: %u\n", 
           used_stack_size);
    printf("Number of allocated bytes on stack for this thread : %u\n",
           get_allocated_stack_size());    
    // ...
}

The stack doesn't work the way you expect it too. The stack is a linear sequence of pages, the last (top) one of which is marked with a page guard bit. When this page is touched, the guard bit is removed, and the page can be used. For further growth, a new guard page is allocated.

Hence, the answer you want is where the gaurd page is allocated. But the technique you propose would touch the page in question, and as a result it would invalidate the very thing you're trying to measure.

The non-invasive way to determine if a (stack) page has the guard bit is via VirtualQuery().