What does a DNS request look like?

I have seen what the text representation of an HTTP request is, but what does a DNS request look like? Where in the data is the location of the URL you are trying to locate? Also, how is the response formatted?

Solution 1:

This is a raw dump from Wireshark of a DNS query.

The DNS part starts with 24 1a:

0000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 08 00 45 00   ........ ......E.
0010  00 3c 51 e3 40 00 40 11  ea cb 7f 00 00 01 7f 00   .<Q.@.@. ........
0020  00 01 ec ed 00 35 00 28  fe 3b 24 1a 01 00 00 01   .....5.( .;$.....
0030  00 00 00 00 00 00 03 77  77 77 06 67 6f 6f 67 6c   .......w ww.googl
0040  65 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 01  00 01                     e.com... ..      

And here is the breakdown:

Domain Name System (query)
    [Response In: 1852]
    Transaction ID: 0x241a
    Flags: 0x0100 (Standard query)
        0... .... .... .... = Response: Message is a query
        .000 0... .... .... = Opcode: Standard query (0)
        .... ..0. .... .... = Truncated: Message is not truncated
        .... ...1 .... .... = Recursion desired: Do query recursively
        .... .... .0.. .... = Z: reserved (0)
        .... .... ...0 .... = Non-authenticated data OK: Non-authenticated data is unacceptable
    Questions: 1
    Answer RRs: 0
    Authority RRs: 0
    Additional RRs: 0
    Queries
        www.google.com: type A, class IN
            Name: www.google.com
            Type: A (Host address)
            Class: IN (0x0001)

And the response, again starting at 24 1a:

0000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 08 00 45 00   ........ ......E.
0010  00 7a 00 00 40 00 40 11  3c 71 7f 00 00 01 7f 00   .z..@.@. <q......
0020  00 01 00 35 ec ed 00 66  fe 79 24 1a 81 80 00 01   ...5...f .y$.....
0030  00 03 00 00 00 00 03 77  77 77 06 67 6f 6f 67 6c   .......w ww.googl
0040  65 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 01  00 01 c0 0c 00 05 00 01   e.com... ........
0050  00 05 28 39 00 12 03 77  77 77 01 6c 06 67 6f 6f   ..(9...w ww.l.goo
0060  67 6c 65 03 63 6f 6d 00  c0 2c 00 01 00 01 00 00   gle.com. .,......
0070  00 e3 00 04 42 f9 59 63  c0 2c 00 01 00 01 00 00   ....B.Yc .,......
0080  00 e3 00 04 42 f9 59 68                            ....B.Yh         

Breakdown:

Domain Name System (response)
    [Request In: 1851]
    [Time: 0.000125000 seconds]
    Transaction ID: 0x241a
    Flags: 0x8180 (Standard query response, No error)
        1... .... .... .... = Response: Message is a response
        .000 0... .... .... = Opcode: Standard query (0)
        .... .0.. .... .... = Authoritative: Server is not an authority for domain
        .... ..0. .... .... = Truncated: Message is not truncated
        .... ...1 .... .... = Recursion desired: Do query recursively
        .... .... 1... .... = Recursion available: Server can do recursive queries
        .... .... .0.. .... = Z: reserved (0)
        .... .... ..0. .... = Answer authenticated: Answer/authority portion was not authenticated by the server
        .... .... .... 0000 = Reply code: No error (0)
    Questions: 1
    Answer RRs: 3
    Authority RRs: 0
    Additional RRs: 0
    Queries
        www.google.com: type A, class IN
            Name: www.google.com
            Type: A (Host address)
            Class: IN (0x0001)
    Answers
        www.google.com: type CNAME, class IN, cname www.l.google.com
            Name: www.google.com
            Type: CNAME (Canonical name for an alias)
            Class: IN (0x0001)
            Time to live: 3 days, 21 hours, 52 minutes, 57 seconds
            Data length: 18
            Primary name: www.l.google.com
        www.l.google.com: type A, class IN, addr 66.249.89.99
            Name: www.l.google.com
            Type: A (Host address)
            Class: IN (0x0001)
            Time to live: 3 minutes, 47 seconds
            Data length: 4
            Addr: 66.249.89.99
        www.l.google.com: type A, class IN, addr 66.249.89.104
            Name: www.l.google.com
            Type: A (Host address)
            Class: IN (0x0001)
            Time to live: 3 minutes, 47 seconds
            Data length: 4
            Addr: 66.249.89.104

Edit:

Note that if your real question is "how do I write a DNS server?", then there are two appropriate answers:

• Don't do it, use an existing one, e.g., bind or dnsmasq
• Read the spec

Edit(2):

The request was sent using host on a linux box:

host www.google.com

If you are on Windows, you can use nslookup

nslookup www.google.com

Solution 2:

DNS request data layout is described in RFC 1035. I think it's a bit pointless to copy the text here...

Solution 3:

DNS queries and responses are best looked at using a protocol analyzer - Wireshark is a good cross platform tool that can capture and deconstruct the requests and responses into their various parts. There is a nice introduction to the structure of DNS Requests and Responses at Firewall.cx here.

DNS Requests contain questions that specify a name (or maybe a somewhat arbitrary text field) and a record type - the content of the response will vary depending on the type. Most requests are simple direct lookups of a server name looking for an ip-address in response (Type A) but some will be looking for more information on name servers themselves (Type NS), mail records (Type MX) and other services (Type SRV that will return names, ports, weights and priorities). DNS responses contain answers to these questions, possibly more than one if the request requires that and are not always just ip-addresses.

One other clarification - DNS doesn't resolve URLs - in most scenarios involving URLs DNS is only used to enable the client side system to find the ip-address of the server part of the URL, everything else is handled by other protocols.