How can I sort two vectors in the same way, with criteria that uses only one of the vectors?

Solution 1:

Finding a sort permutation

Given a std::vector<T> and a comparison for T's, we want to be able to find the permutation you would use if you were to sort the vector using this comparison.

template <typename T, typename Compare>
std::vector<std::size_t> sort_permutation(
    const std::vector<T>& vec,
    Compare& compare)
{
    std::vector<std::size_t> p(vec.size());
    std::iota(p.begin(), p.end(), 0);
    std::sort(p.begin(), p.end(),
        [&](std::size_t i, std::size_t j){ return compare(vec[i], vec[j]); });
    return p;
}

Applying a sort permutation

Given a std::vector<T> and a permutation, we want to be able to build a new std::vector<T> that is reordered according to the permutation.

template <typename T>
std::vector<T> apply_permutation(
    const std::vector<T>& vec,
    const std::vector<std::size_t>& p)
{
    std::vector<T> sorted_vec(vec.size());
    std::transform(p.begin(), p.end(), sorted_vec.begin(),
        [&](std::size_t i){ return vec[i]; });
    return sorted_vec;
}

You could of course modify apply_permutation to mutate the vector you give it rather than returning a new sorted copy. This approach is still linear time complexity and uses one bit per item in your vector. Theoretically, it's still linear space complexity; but, in practice, when sizeof(T) is large the reduction in memory usage can be dramatic. (See details)

template <typename T>
void apply_permutation_in_place(
    std::vector<T>& vec,
    const std::vector<std::size_t>& p)
{
    std::vector<bool> done(vec.size());
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); ++i)
    {
        if (done[i])
        {
            continue;
        }
        done[i] = true;
        std::size_t prev_j = i;
        std::size_t j = p[i];
        while (i != j)
        {
            std::swap(vec[prev_j], vec[j]);
            done[j] = true;
            prev_j = j;
            j = p[j];
        }
    }
}

Example

vector<MyObject> vectorA;
vector<int> vectorB;

auto p = sort_permutation(vectorA,
    [](T const& a, T const& b){ /*some comparison*/ });

vectorA = apply_permutation(vectorA, p);
vectorB = apply_permutation(vectorB, p);

Resources

std::vector
std::iota
std::sort
std::swap
std::transform

Solution 2:

With range-v3, it is simple, sort a zip view:

std::vector<MyObject> vectorA = /*..*/;
std::vector<int> vectorB = /*..*/;

ranges::v3::sort(ranges::view::zip(vectorA, vectorB));

or explicitly use projection:

ranges::v3::sort(ranges::view::zip(vectorA, vectorB),
                 std::less<>{},
                 [](const auto& t) -> decltype(auto) { return std::get<0>(t); });

Demo