How do I make explorer.exe load my desktop quicker once past the login screen?

What you are looking at is the reliability monitor which is not an indicator of the overall performance of your computer. It's rather for finding problems with certain apps when they crash.

You can mostly increase the performance of your pc by disabling any autostart applications which you can do under the Task Manager -> Startup. The more you'll disable there the more performance you should get after this.

Another way is to upgrade your SSD/HDD to an NVME SSD if your mainboard is compatible with that, but that will cost you a bit and require some time for reinstalling everything as a full backup can work, but isn't guaranteed especially if you have a different disk size.