Is an atomic file rename (with overwrite) possible on Windows?

See ReplaceFile() in Win32 (http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/64525/tr-2006-45.pdf)

Win32 does not guarantee atomic file meta data operations. I'd provide a citation, but there is none - that fact that there's no written or documented guarantee means as much.

You're going to have to write your own routines to support this. It's unfortunate, but you can't expect win32 to provide this level of service - it simply wasn't designed for it.

In Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 an atomic move function has been added - MoveFileTransacted()

Unfortunately this doesn't help with older versions of Windows.

Interesting article here on MSDN.

Starting with Windows 10 1607, NTFS does support an atomic superseding rename operation. To do this call NtSetInformationFile(..., FileRenameInformationEx, ...) and specify the FILE_RENAME_POSIX_SEMANTICS flag.

Or equivalently in Win32 call SetFileInformationByHandle(..., FileRenameInfoEx, ...) and specify the FILE_RENAME_FLAG_POSIX_SEMANTICS flag.

you still have the rename() call on Windows, though I imagine the guarantees you want cannot be made without knowing the filesystem you're using - no guarantees if you're using FAT for instance.

However, you can use MoveFileEx and use the MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING and MOVEFILE_WRITE_THROUGH options. The latter has this description in MSDN:

Setting this value guarantees that a move performed as a copy and delete operation is flushed to disk before the function returns. The flush occurs at the end of the copy operation.

I know that's not necessarily the same as a rename operation, but I think it might be the best guarantee you'll get - if it does that for a file move, it should for a simpler rename.