Use of 'pagan' in an essay: is it acceptable or not?

Solution 1:

I don't agree that pagan has an immoral connotation, except in the minds of some religious adherents. The New Oxford American Dictionary lists the "derogatory" usage as a dated way of referring to a non-Christian. The main listing says

pagan a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions.

In other words, pagan is a term often used by people who believe there is a "True Faith" and that they follow it. It's like a religious version of "foreigner" spoken by someone who lives in a country that looks with distaste on outsiders. Ambrose Bierce might have described it as someone who believes the wrong mythology, had he thought to include it in his Devil's Dictionary.

Myself, I would prefer to use the adjective Greek to describe Zeus, Apollo, Aphrodite and the other Olympic deities, since that is both more specific and less presumptuous.

Solution 2:

Pagan can be a derogatory term, but it depends on the audience. The word's formal meaning is simply "polytheist," although in more colloquial language, it's also used to refer to someone who is immoral or hedonistic. To some people, the two meanings are synonymous.

As a (very) general rule, I would avoid using pagan in writing aimed at a mass audience, most of whom might only be familiar with the "immoral" connotation and might thus misconstrue your message. But when writing for an academic or specialized audience, I would feel free to use it as a synonym to keep the piece from sounding repetitive.

Solution 3:

All Greek gods are pagan gods, (not Pagan gods unless you want to make a point about them being non-Christian or un-Christian), but not all pagan gods are Greek.