What are all the Beacon Special Effects?

Solution 1:

So the full list is

1. Giant star
   • this creates random fires in your and the enemy's ships and, as a secondary effect, will cause hull damage if a system is destroyed
2. Nebula
   • this disrupts the sensors and rebels' speed is halved for the next jump
3. Plasma storms
   • this causes the reactor to run at half efficiency as well as disrupting sensors
4. Asteroid field
   • this causes asteroids to periodically strike your ship and the enemy's ship. If your ship is running with just 1 shield with an unskilled crewmember at the station, it can take damage just from asteroids as the period between asteroids is random. Each asteroid does 1 damage.
5. Pulsar
   • New to the advanced edition. This causes 2 or 3 ion damage to a system (shields if they are up) and 1 ion damage to another system (if shields are down)
6. Anti-ship battery
   • New to the advanced edition. This randomly sends a shield piercing 3 damage shot to your or the enemy ship, hitting a random room and causing a hull breach. While you will be shot at multiple times, the only one that may hit will give you a warning before doing so.

For more info go here

Long-range scanner augmentation will give you, in essence, advanced warning about most of these hazards!