Solution 1:

IE does not support the "fade" class for modals, by taking out fade i lost the animation, but the modal displays in all 3 browsers now. I found the answer here: https://github.com/twitter/bootstrap/issues/3672

Solution 2:

@scalen121 's answer worked for me (the fade animation causes it to break). However, I had a problem with the suggested code fixes..

If you want to remove the fade animation just for IE (it doesn't seem to work even on IE11) but leave it for other browsers, then you can add the snippet:

$(function () {
    var isIE = window.ActiveXObject || "ActiveXObject" in window;
    if (isIE) {
        $('.modal').removeClass('fade');
    }
});

Note that the above IE check is not the same as doing the old: $.browser.msie, which returns undefined on IE11 (tested with jQuery 1.8.3 and 1.7.2).