Why doesn't Fermat's Last Theorem for polynomials entail that for integers?
The Mason-Stothers theorem holds for polynomials over $\mathbb{Q}$, and any $n\ge3$. Note that $\mathbb{Q}$ is an infinite field, so two polynomials $P(t)$ and $Q(t)$ are different if and only if there is $a\in\mathbb{Q}$ such that $P(a)\ne Q(a)$.
So FLT for polynomials over $\mathbb{Q}$ can be stated
for any coprime and nonconstant polynomials $x(t)$, $y(t)$, $z(t)$ over $\mathbb{Q}$ and any $n\ge 3$, there exists $a\in\mathbb{Q}$ such that $$x(a)^n+y(a)^n\ne z(a)^n$$
because this is an alternative way for saying $x(t)^n+y(t)^n\ne z(t)^n$ as polynomials.
So the theorem does not say that the inequality holds for all $a\in\mathbb{Q}$, which would be needed to derive FLT from it.
Another way for looking at it is considering FLT for polynomials over $\mathbb{R}$: can you perhaps derive from it that for $a,b,c\in\mathbb{R}$ and $n\ge 3$ we have $a^n+b^n\ne c^n$?