Is $\frac{1}{2^{2^{0}}}+\frac{1}{2^{2^{1}}}+\frac{1}{2^{2^{2}}}+\frac{1}{2^{2^{3}}}+....$ irrational?

Solution 1:

Yes, it is irrational. Its binary "decimal" expansion is $0.1101000100000001\ldots$. It doesn't matter what base you use, a rational number always has a periodic expansion, and this expansion clearly isn't.

Solution 2:

$\newcommand{\abs}[1]{\left\lvert{#1}\right\rvert}$ A slightly different way to prove its irrationality could rely on this trick (basically the case $n=1$ of Liouville's theorem on diophantine approximation, just much less powerful):

Observation: Let $\xi\in\Bbb Q$. Let $\xi=\frac pq$, with $q>0$ and $p,q$ coprime integers. Let $m,n$ integers such that $n>0$ and $\frac{m}{n}\neq\xi$. Then $$\abs{\xi-\frac mn}\ge\frac1{qn}$$

Proof: Indeed, \begin{align}\abs{\dfrac pq-\dfrac mn}=\dfrac{\abs{np-qm}}{qn}\ge\frac1{qn}&&\text{since }np-qm\in\Bbb Z\setminus\{0\}\end{align}

Corollary: If $\xi\in\mathbb Q$, there exists a constant $\beta>0$ depending only on $\xi$ such that, whenever $\frac{m}{n}\neq\xi$, it holds $\abs{\xi-\dfrac mn}\ge\dfrac\beta n$

Now, back to your case: let $\xi:=\sum\limits_{k=0}^\infty 2^{-2^k}$ and let $\xi_n:=\sum\limits_{k=0}^n 2^{-2^k}$

You can see that $$\xi_n=\frac{\sum_{k=0}^n 2^{2^n-2^k}}{2^{2^n}}\\ 0<\abs{\xi-\xi_n}=\sum_{k=n+1}^\infty 2^{-2^k}\le\sum_{h=2^{n+1}}^\infty2^{-h}= \frac{2}{2^{2^{n+1}}}=\frac{2}{\left(2^{2^n}\right)^2}$$

Since $\dfrac{\beta}{2^{2^n}}\le\abs{\xi-\xi_n}\le\dfrac{2}{\left(2^{2^n}\right)^2}$ cannot hold definitely whatever the positive constant $\beta$, the corollary above yields that $\xi$ cannot be rational.