What is the meaning of "having one's kitten in one's pocket"?
Solution 1:
To have a kitten in (one's) pocket is not an idiom in English. The idea of repressed or controlled anger is only a guess.
Almost all the results from a Google search referenced that passage or instances when someone actually had a kitten in a pocket.
How seriously would you doubt the abilities of a man who was so capable that he came "back from Dunkirk with all his equipment correct and accounted for and his kitten (safe and calm) in his pocket."
Solution 2:
Couldn't it just be a metaphor? It can be inferred that Dunkirk was a harsh place. Corporal Turnbull had returned from it safe and sound, and even the metaphorical kitten in his pocket had not been harmed.
Solution 3:
According to Chambers Dictionary of Slang, a 'kitten' can be (or was) 'a pint or half-pint pot' (19C). A small 'cat' (cup).
Perhaps he returned with all his equipment correct and accounted for and his beer glass still in his pocket.