SFINAE working in return type but not as template parameter

Solution 1:

You should take a look at 14.5.6.1 Function template overloading (C++11 standard) where function templates equivalency is defined. In short, default template arguments are not considered, so in the 1st case you have the same function template defined twice. In the 2nd case you have expression referring template parameters used in the return type (again see 14.5.6.1/4). Since this expression is part of signature you get two different function template declarations and thus SFINAE get a chance to work.

Solution 2:

Values in the templates work:

template<typename T,
         typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
auto foo(T)
    -> void
{
    std::cout << "I'm an integer!\n";
}

template<typename T,
         typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
auto foo(T)
    -> void
{
    std::cout << "I'm a floating point number!\n";
}

Solution 3:

The = ... of the template just gives a default parameter. This is not part of the actual signature which looks like

template<typename T, typename>
auto foo(T a);

for both functions.

Depending on your needs, the most generic solution for this problem is using tag dispatching.

struct integral_tag { typedef integral_tag category; };
struct floating_tag { typedef floating_tag category; };

template <typename T> struct foo_tag
: std::conditional<std::is_integral<T>::value, integral_tag,
                    typename std::conditional<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, floating_tag,
                                               std::false_type>::type>::type {};

template<typename T>
T foo_impl(T a, integral_tag) { return a; }

template<typename T>
T foo_impl(T a, floating_tag) { return a; }

template <typename T>
T foo(T a)
{
  static_assert(!std::is_base_of<std::false_type, foo_tag<T> >::value,
                 "T must be either floating point or integral");
  return foo_impl(a, typename foo_tag<T>::category{});
}

struct bigint {};
template<> struct foo_tag<bigint> : integral_tag {};

int main()
{
  //foo("x"); // produces a nice error message
  foo(1);
  foo(1.5);
  foo(bigint{});
}